Ngesikhathi seMpi Yeminyaka Eyisikhombisa maphakathi nawo-1700s, usokhemisi wamasosha waseFrance ogama lakhe lingu-Antoine-Augustin Parmentier wathunjwa amasosha asePrussia. Njengesiboshwa sempi, waphoqwa ukuba aphile ngokudla kwamazambane. Maphakathi nekhulu le-18 leminyaka eFrance, lokhu bekungafaneleka njengesijeziso esinonya nesingajwayelekile: amazambane kwakucatshangwa ukuthi awukudla kwemfuyo, futhi kwakukholakala ukuthi kubangele uchoko kubantu. Ukwesaba kwakusabalele kangangokuthi amaFulentshi aphasisa umthetho omelene nawo ngo-1748.
Kepha njengoba uParmentier athola ejele, amazambane abengekho abulalayo. Eqinisweni, zazizinhle kakhulu. Ngemuva kokukhululwa kwakhe empini, usokhemisi waqala ukuguqula abantu bakubo mayelana nezimangaliso zesilimo. Enye indlela akwenze ngayo lokhu ukukhombisa zonke izindlela ezimnandi ezingasizakala ngazo, kufaka phakathi ukubhucungwa. Ngo-1772, iFrance yayisuse ukuvinjelwa kwamazambane. Emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva, unga-oda amazambane acubuziwe emazweni amaningi, ezindaweni zokudlela ezisukela ekudleni okusheshayo kuya ekudleni okuhle.
Indaba yamazambane acubuziwe ithatha iminyaka eyi-10,000 XNUMX futhi yeqa izintaba zasePeru nasemaphandleni ase-Ireland; ifaka ama-cameo avela kuThomas Jefferson kanye nososayensi wokudla osize ekusunguleni ukudla okulula okukudla okulula. Ngaphambi kokuba sifike kubo, ake sibuyele ekuqaleni.
OKUQALA KWEZIMBANE
Amazambane awaveli e-Ireland — noma yikuphi eYurophu, ngalokhu. Kungenzeka ukuthi babehlala ezintabeni zase-Andes zasePeru nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeBolivia, lapho babesetshenziselwa khona ukudla emuva emuva I-8000 BCE.
Lamazambane okuqala ayehluke kakhulu kumazambane esiwaziyo namuhla. Beza ngezinhlobonhlobo ze ubujamo nobukhulu futhi ngine- ukunambitheka okumunyu ukuthi akukho silinganiso sokupheka esasingasusa. Zazinobuthi obuncane. Ukulwa nalobu buthi, izihlobo zasendle ze-llama zazikhotha ubumba ngaphambi kokuzidla. Ubuthi obukumazambane babunamathela ezinhlayiyeni zobumba, buvumele izilwane ukuba zibudle ngokuphepha. Abantu base-Andes bakuqaphela lokhu base beqala ukufaka amazambane abo enhlanganisweni yobumba namanzi — hhayi ummbila othakazelisa kakhulu, mhlawumbe, kodwa isixazululo esihlakaniphile senkinga yabo yamazambane. Ngisho nanamuhla, lapho ukuzalaniswa okukhethiwe kuye kwenza izinhlobo eziningi zamazambane ziphephe ukudliwa, ezinye izinhlobo ezinobuthi zisengathengwa ezimakethe zase-Andes, lapho zithengiswa khona kanye nothuli lokugaya okusiza uthuli lobumba.
Ngesikhathi abahloli bamazwe baseSpain beletha amazambane okuqala eYurophu evela eNingizimu Melika ngekhulu le-16, ayekade efakwe esitshalweni esidliwayo ngokuphelele. Kubathathe isikhashana ukubamba phesheya kwezilwandle, noma kunjalo. Ngokwamanye ama-akhawunti, abalimi baseYurophu babenezinsolo zezitshalo ezazingakhulunywa ngazo eBhayibhelini; abanye bathi bekungukuthi amazambane akhula ngezilimo eziyizigaxa, kunokuba akhule imbewu.
Izazi-mlando zamazambane zanamuhla ziyawaphikisa la maphuzu. Ukushiywa kweklabishi eBhayibhelini kwakungabonakali kukulimaza ukuthandwa kwalo, futhi ukulinywa kwe-tulip, kusetshenziswa ama-bulb esikhundleni sembewu, kwakwenzeka ngasikhathi sinye. Kungenzeka kube inkinga nje yokulima. Isimo sezulu saseNingizimu Melika amazambane achumayo asifani nalawo atholakala eYurophu, ikakhulukazi maqondana namahora emini ngosuku. EYurophu, amazambane ayekhula amaqabunga nezimbali, okwakufundwa kalula izazi zezitshalo, kodwa izilimo eziyizigaxa ezikhiqizwayo zahlala zincane ngisho nangemva kwezinyanga zokukhula. Le nkinga ethile yaqala ukulungiswa lapho abaseSpain beqala ukutshala amazambane eziqhingini zaseCanary, ezazisebenza njengohlobo oluphakathi nendawo phakathi kwenkabazwe yeNingizimu Melika namanye amazwe aseYurophu asenyakatho.
Kuyafaneleka ukukhomba, noma kunjalo, ukuthi kunobunye ubufakazi bokukhathazeka kwamasiko okukhulunywe ngaye ekuqaleni. Kunezikhombo ezicacile kubantu baseScotland Highlands abangathandi ukuthi amazambane awazange akhulunywe ngawo eBhayibhelini, futhi amasiko afana nokutshala amazambane ngoLwesihlanu Oluhle futhi kwesinye isikhathi ukufafaza ngawo ngamanzi angcwele kusikisela uhlobo oluthile lobudlelwano obugcwele ukusetshenziswa kwamazambane. Zaziya ngokuya zivame kakhulu, kodwa ngaphandle kokuphikisana. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukukhathazeka ngamazambane abangela uchoko kwalilimaza kakhulu idumela lawo.
IZINDAWO ZOKUZIPHEKA ZASEKUQALENI
Idlanzana labameli bamazambane, kufaka phakathi uParmentier, bakwazile ukuguqula isithombe samazambane. Encwadini yakhe yokupheka yekhulu le-18 Ubuciko Bokupheka, Umbhali oyiNgisi uHannah Glasse wayala abafundi ukuba babilise amazambane, bawaxobule, bawafake epanini, bese bewafaka kahle ngobisi, ibhotela, nosawoti omncane. E-United States, uMary Randolph washicilela i- iresiphi amazambane abondiwe encwadini yakhe, Umfazi Wekhaya waseVirginia, lokho kwakufuna uhhafu webhotela nebhotela lesipuni ngephawundi lamazambane.
Kodwa alikho izwe elamukela amazambane afana ne-Ireland. Ukudla okuqinile, okuminyene nomsoco kwakubonakala kwenzelwe ubusika obubi besiqhingi. Futhi izimpi phakathi kweNgilandi ne-Ireland cishe zakusheshisela ukuzivumelanisa nakho lapho; njengoba ingxenye ebalulekile ikhula ngaphansi komhlaba, yayinethuba elingcono lokusinda emisebenzini yezempi. Abantu base-Ireland nabo bathande amazambane abo acubuziwe, imvamisa ngeklabishi noma nge-kale esitsheni esaziwa njenge Colcannon. Amazambane ayengaphezu kokudla okuyisisekelo lapho; baba yingxenye yobunikazi base-Ireland.
Kepha isivuno esimangalisayo size nephutha elikhulu: Kuyi ungenwa yizifo, ikakhulukazi amazambane okulimaza sekwephuzile, noma Ama-infestans ama-Phytophtora. Ngenkathi i-microorganism ihlasela i-Ireland ngawo-1840, abalimi balahlekelwa yindlela yokuziphilisa futhi imindeni eminingi yalahlekelwa umthombo wokudla oyinhloko. Indlala Yamazambane yase-Ireland yabulala abantu abasigidi, noma umuntu wesishiyagalombili wabantu bezwe. Uhulumeni waseBrithani yena akazange anikeze sisekelo sokweseka izikhonzi zakhe zase-Ireland.
Ifa elilodwa ebingalindelekile leNdlala Yamazambane kwaba ukuqhuma ku isayensi yezolimo. UCharles Darwin wakhangwa yinkinga yokulimazeka kwamazambane ezingeni lokusiza nangokwesayensi; ngisho uqobo Uxhaswe ngemali ukuzalanisa amazambane uhlelo e-Ireland. Okwakhe kwakungomunye wemizamo eminingi. Besebenzisa amazambane ayesinde ekulimaleni kanye nasezitokweni ezintsha zaseNingizimu Melika, abelimi baseYurophu ekugcineni bakwazi ukuzala izinhlobo ezinempilo zamazambane futhi bavuselela izinombolo zezitshalo. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kukhuthaze ukucwaninga okwengeziwe kufuzo lwezitshalo, futhi bekuyingxenye yenhlangano ebanzi yesayensi ebandakanya nomsebenzi kaGregor Mendel uphizi wensimu.
AMATHULUZI OMSEBENZI WEZIMBANE WAMASHED
Cishe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ithuluzi elibizwa ngokuthi i-ricer laqala ukuvela emakhishini asekhaya. Kungukuqhekeka kwensimbi okufana nomshini omkhulu wegalikhi, futhi akuhlangene nokwenza irayisi. Lapho amazambane aphekiwe ecindezelwa emigodini emincane engezansi komshini, aguqulwa abe muhle, osayizi belayisi izingcezu.
Le nqubo inzima kakhulu kunokusebenzisa i-masher yakudala, futhi iveza imiphumela ethokozisayo. Ukuxuba amazambane akho ekukhishweni kokulibala isitashi esine-gelatinized kusuka kumaseli ezitshalo acwebezela ndawonye ukwenza ukufana okufana nokunamathisela. Uma ngabe uke wanambitha amazambane aboshiwe “anamathele”, kungenzeka ukuthi ukugcwala ngokweqile kungenzeka kube yisigebengu. Nge-ricer, awudingi ukuhlukumeza amazambane akho ukuze uthole ukuthungwa okubushelelezi, okungenasigaxa. Amanye ama-purist athi amazambane acubuziwe enziwe ngale ndlela awafinyiwe impela — anonile — kepha masingavumeli ama-pedantry angene endleleni yama-carbohydrate amnandi.
UKUQHUBEKA KWEZINGUQO ZAMASHALA ASESITSINI
Uma abahamba ngezinyawo bamazambane abacubuziwe benemibono ngama-ricers, nakanjani bazoba nokuthile abakushoyo ngale ntuthuko elandelayo. Ngawo-1950, abacwaningi endaweni namuhla ebizwa ngokuthi i-Eastern Regional Research Center, isikhungo soMnyango wezoLimo e-United States ngaphandle kwasePhiladelphia, yathuthukisa indlela entsha yokwehlisa amanzi amazambane okuholele kumaflake amazambane angavuselelwa ngokushesha ekhaya. Ngokushesha ngemuva kwalokho, amazambane anamuhla acubuziwe azalwa.
Kuyafaneleka ukukhomba ukuthi lokhu bekukude nesikhathi sokuqala amazambane esenamanzi. Ukuqomisana emuva okungenani ngesikhathi sama-Inca, i-chuño empeleni kungamazambane omiswe okokuqandisa owenziwe ngokuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi yezandla kanye nezimo zemvelo. Ama-Inca awunika wona amasosha futhi wasisebenzisa ukuvikela ukusweleka kwezitshalo.
Ukuzama ukomiswa kwezimboni kwakulungela ukufika ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yo-1700, ngencwadi eyodwa engu-1802 eyayisiya kuThomas Jefferson eyayidingida ngomshini omusha lapho wagcobisa khona amazambane wacindezela wonke amajusi, futhi ikhekhe elalingavela lalingagcinwa iminyaka. Ngesikhathi ivuselelwa “ibifana namazambane acubuziwe” ngokwencwadi. Ngokudabukisayo, amazambane abenomkhuba wokuphenduka amakhekhe ansomi, anambitheka ngenxa yokunambitheka.
Intshisekelo kumazambane acubuziwe aqala kabusha ngesikhathi seMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, kepha lezo zinguqulo zazingamakhowe noma zithatha unomphela. Kwaze kwavela ubungcweti be-ERRC ngawo-1950 lapho amazambane amnandi amisiwe angavezwa. Okunye kwentuthuko ebalulekile ukuthola indlela yokomisa amazambane aphekwe ngokushesha okukhulu, kunciphisa inani lokuqhekeka kwamaseli ngakho-ke ukudla okulindelekile komkhiqizo wokugcina. Lawa mazenga amazambane angena kahle ekukhuleni kokudla okwakuthiwa kulula ngaleso sikhathi, futhi asiza ukubuya kwamazambane ngawo-1960 ngemuva kokwehla kweminyaka eyedlule.
Amazambane asheshayo amnandi ayisimangaliso sesayensi yokudla, kodwa akuzona kuphela ososayensi abasebenzisa lawa mazambane amasha. UMiles Willard, ongomunye wabaphenyi be-ERRC, uqhubeke nokusebenza emkhakheni wangasese, lapho umsebenzi wakhe usize khona ukufaka isandla ezinhlotsheni ezintsha zokudla okulula usebenzisa ama-flakes ama-potato abuyiselwe kabusha-kubandakanya ne-Pringles.