Uhlelo lwe-agri-food yomhlaba wonke belunenkinga yochungechunge lokuphazamiseka okubangelwa izehlakalo ezahlukahlukene, okubandakanya ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwesimo sezulu, ubhubhane lomhlaba wonke lokuqubuka kweCovid-19, futhi okwakamuva phakathi kwakho impi yaseRussia-Ukraine.
Lezi zenzakalo ziphazamise zonke izinkomba ezine zokuvikeleka kokudla okungukuthi, ukutholakala kokudla, ukutholakala kokudla, ukusetshenziswa kokudla, kanye nekhwalithi kanye nokuzinza kokukhiqiza. Inani labantu emhlabeni lilinganiselwa ukuthi lizofinyelela ezigidini eziyisi-9.7 lapho abantu bezofuna ukudla okungama-70% ngaphezu kwalokho okudliwa namuhla (FAO, 2018). Isidingo esengeziwe sizophinde sibeke ingcindezi enkulu ohlelweni lokudla kwezolimo emhlabeni wonke oseluvele luntekenteke.
Njengoba kunesimo esintekenteke kakhulu sokukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke kanye nohwebo lwemikhiqizo yezolimo, ikakhulukazi ukolweni ne-paddy, okubaluleke kakhulu ekuvikelekeni kokudla, umhlaba usengozini enkulu yokubhekana nendlala enkulu. Okufanayo kuphinde kuqinisekiswe yi-Global Food Crisis Report ethi abantu abayizigidi eziyi-193 abavela ezindaweni ezingama-53 bahlangabezane nendlala ebabazekayo, okungaphezu kwama-20.7% kunonyaka owandulele.
Iqhaza lamazambane ekuqinisekiseni ukuvikeleka kokudla
Ngokomlando amazambane abambe iqhaza elibalulekile hhayi nje ekuqinisekiseni ukutholakala kokudla kubantu abakhona kodwa nasekusekeleni ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwenani labantu emhlabeni. Bekulokhu kungumthombo wokudla onokwethenjelwa ngezikhathi zokuhlola njengempi, indlala, njll.
Iwumthombo womsoco ophelele futhi olinganiselayo ngokuba khona hhayi nje kwama-carbohydrates kodwa amaprotheni kanye nohlu lwamaminerali njll.
Njengamanje, iyisitshalo sesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni wonke esikhiqiza i-MT eyizigidi ezingama-359 etshalwe ezigidini eziyi-16.5 zeMT kanye namazwe ayi-158 omhlaba. Ingxenye enkulu yokukhiqizwa okuphelele kwenzeka e-Asia, e-Afrika naseLatin America. Lezi yizifunda lapho ukutholakala kokudla kuyinto ekhathaza kakhulu.
Izambane litshalwa ngaphansi kwezimo eziningi ze-agroclimatic, okwenza litshalwe emazweni ahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa okuphelele kwamazambane kuzokwenyuka ngezigidi ezingama-750 ngo-2030 ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokwanda kwesivuno nendawo okulinywa kuyo ikakhulukazi e-Asia, Afrika naseLatin America.
Kuzodinga imizamo ehlangene yokuqinisa uhlelo lokudla kwezambane ngokuqinisekisa uhlelo oluzoholela bonke ababambiqhaza ababambe iqhaza kulo kusukela kubakhiqizi kuya kubathengisi kanye nabathengi. Ukwengeza, badinga ukuqhubekisela phambili ukukhuliswa kwendawo kanye ne-R&D ezinhlobonhlobo zentuthuko.
Umthelela Wempi Yamazambane Yase-Ukraine-Russia Ngokuvumelana nedatha yakamuva etholakala ne-FAO, i-Ukraine ingumkhiqizi wesithathu ngobukhulu wamazambane ngokukhiqizwa kwezigidi ezingama-20.8 MT ngo-2020 (i-FAOSTAT, efinyelelwe zingama-30 kuNhlaba wezi-2022). Ukukhiqizwa akwanele njengoba i-Ukraine iqhubeka ingenisa cishe izigidi ezingu-0.3 MT ukuze igcwalise ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwasekhaya ikakhulukazi kusuka e-Poland, Lithuania, nase-Romania.
Impi eqhubekayo phakathi kwe-Ukraine neRussia ngeke nje iholele ekuncipheni okukhulu kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane endawo e-Ukraine kodwa futhi izoholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu kwangemva kokuvuna njengoba izindawo eziningi zokugcina amazambane zicekelwe phansi amabutho Amasosha AseRussia.
Ukwengeza, izindleko zamakhemikhali ezolimo nazo zinyukile, ikakhulukazi eYurophu, ngobubanzi ngenxa yokuncika okukhulu eRussia ngokukhiqiza kwayo kanye nokukhuphuka kwezindleko zikaphethiloli. Ukwenyuka kwezindleko zokufakwa kwe-agri-input kanye nokungatholakali kwazo kukhuthaza abalimi ukuthi bashintshele kwezinye izilimo eziqhudelanayo njengokolweni njll.
Ngokusho kokukhishwa okusha kweNorthwestern European Potato Growers, indawo etshaliwe eYurophu yehle okokuqala emashumini amabili eminyaka. Lehle ngo-4.7% laya ku-497K Ha ngaphansi kokulinywa kwamazambane. Lapho ukwehla okukhulu kuye kwabonwa eNetherlands naseBelgium.
Iqhaza ababambiqhaza bamazambane e-India ekusimamiseni uhlelo lokudla kwamazambane emhlabeni wonke ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphepha kokudla kanye nokudla okunomsoco
I-India, kuze kube manje, ihlukaniswe kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umthelela wempi yase-Ukraine-Russia mayelana nokutshalwa kwamazambane nokuthengisa. Ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane onyakeni wamanje wezitshalo kulinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-53.60 MT, phansi kusuka ku-56.17 million MT ngokwesilinganiso sokuqala soMnyango Wezolimo sokukhiqizwa kwe-horticulture (PotatoPro Meyi 12, 2022).
Ukuncipha kwenani lokukhiqiza kubangelwa kakhulu izimvula ezinamandla, ikakhulukazi e-Bengal, e-Punjab, nase-Haryana, futhi ngenxa yamagagasi okushisa ngesikhathi sokuvuna e-UP. Nakuba ukunyuka kwezindleko zikaphethiloli kanye nokuphazamiseka okungenzeka kokugeleza kwe-agrochemical ebalulekile kungaba nomthelela enkathini ezayo yokutshalwa kwerabi eNdiya.
Kudingeka ukugcizelelwa okukhethekile kule mikhakha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukugeleza okushelelayo kokufakwayo kwezolimo ngamanani athengekayo ukuze kuvikelwe abalimi baseNdiya ezintweni ezingezinhle zangaphandle zeMpi eqhubekayo yase-Ukraine-Russia. Inkinga eqhubekayo yembule izingqinamba zesakhiwo ohlelweni lokudla kwamazambane emhlabeni wonke oluluphazamisayo.
Inikeza i-India ithuba lokugqama futhi ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthuthukiswa kwesiteshi sohlelo lokudla kwamazambane ukuze kuncishiswe ukuncika komhlaba ezitshalweni ezithile zokusanhlamvu kanye nezindawo ezithile zokuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka kokudla emhlabeni ngezikhathi ezithile. woza.
Ngokukhiqizwa kwezigidi ezingama-53 MT, i-India ingeyesibili emhlabeni ekukhiqizeni amazambane. Kodwa-ke, kukhulu ukunwetshwa kokukhiqiza ngokunwetshwa kwendawo kanye nokukhiqiza okuthuthukisiwe. Itshalwa ezifundeni ezingaphezu kuka-15 ezinkathini ezihlukahlukene zonyaka eNdiya.
Kunezinkinga ezimbalwa zesakhiwo okufanele zibhekwe ukuze kuhlanganiswe iNdiya namazambane omhlaba ukudla uhlelo. Ukunciphisa Ukulahleka Kwangemva Kokuvuna, Okwamanje, balahlekelwa cishe izigidi ezingu-3.5 MT ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ngemva kokuvuna. Okufanayo kusondele ku-zero e-USA nakwamanye amazwe athuthukile.
Zinganciphisa kakhulu okufanayo ngokukhuthaza ukwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe bamuva ekulawuleni ngemva kokuvuna kanye nokwenza kwasendaweni kwamaqoqo okukhiqiza.
Ukugqugquzela izinkampani ezizimele ukuthi zizale izinhlobo ezintsha zembewu, i-India inezinhlobo zamazambane ezingaba ngu-13-15 ezithandwayo kanti i-USA inezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-200 kanti i-Netherlands inezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-62 ezithandwayo ezithengiswayo. Kudingeka benze imizamo yokudayisa izinhlobo zamazambane ezikwazi ukumelana nesimo sezulu kanye nezifunwa yimakethe.
Kuzodinga umsebenzi omkhulu we-R&D ukuze wenziwe ngokuzimela futhi ngokubambisana nabatshali bembewu yamazambane bamazwe ngamazwe. Kule ndawo, badinga ngamandla ukugqugquzela izinkampani ezizimele ukuthi zizale izinhlobo zembewu ezintsha ezizobhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nezidingo ezithile zemakethe.
Izinkampani zamaNdiya bezizalanisa izinhlobo zembewu entsha ngokwesibonelo uhlobo oluphansi lwe-GI olubizwa ngokuthi 'SV Agri Carisma', uhlobo olumelana nokubola olubizwa ngokuthi i-SV Agri Ganesh, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ezinezinc nensimbi ephezulu okuthiwa i-SV Agri Winner njll. kukhuthazwe ngokwesistimu ukusheshisa inqubo. Kunesidingo futhi sokuhlola amandla okuvumela amazambane ashintshwe izakhi zofuzo ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lokudla okusekelwe kumazambane.
Ukukhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezinhlobonhlobo ezifunwa umhlaba wonke ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthunyelwa kwayo ngaphandle: Njengesizwe, badinga ukukhuthaza ukwamukelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo ezamukelekayo emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe ukuze kukhuliswe ukuthunyelwa kwamazambane amasha. Izosebenza njengento yokunciphisa ubungozi ngokunciphisa ukuncika kwezohwebo emazweni akhethiwe.
Ukuthuthukiswa kokukhiqiza, Isivuno esimaphakathi samazambane e-India okungukuthi, 23.7 MT/ha sikhulu kunaleso sesilinganiso somhlaba wonke sesivuno esingu-21.7 MT/Ha. Kusenesilinganiso esikhulu sokwenza ngcono isivuno njengoba i-India ikleliswe endaweni yama-56 esivunweni samazambane.
Amazwe kuzo zonke izindawo ezihlukene ze-agroclimatic okungukuthi, asuka e-Europe, America, Middle-East Asia, kanye ne-South Asia anokukhiqiza kangcono kune-India. Kudingeka kwenziwe imizamo ebumbene ekuthuthukiseni izinga lokushintshwa kwembewu kanye nenqubo yokutshala amazambane.
Amazwe anomkhiqizo wamazambane omkhulu kune-India
Ukwandisa amandla okucubungulaUkwengeza, i-India ayinawo amandla okusebenza kahle mayelana nokugaywa kwamazambane ukuze kufezeke isidingo sasekhaya kanye nokubhekelela amandla akhula njalo akhula akhiqiza amazambane. Njengamanje, i-India icubungula cishe u-6% wesamba sayo sokukhiqiza amazambane kanti i-USA icubungula cishe u-64% wamazambane ayo.
Amaphesenti okusetshenziswa kwamazambane
Kunesidingo sokugqugquzela ngokwesakhiwo ukugqugquzelwa kokucubungula izinhlobonhlobo zamaqoqo amazambane kanye nezindawo zokucubungula kulo lonke elaseNdiya. Imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yamazambane anenani elikhulu elinamandla emakethe amakhulu amashibhisi, ama-fried, ama-frozen, ama-flakes, impushana, isitashi, namaprotheni kanye ne-ethanol.
Izoqinisa uchungechunge lwenani lamazambane e-India ngokwenza kube nenkokhelo eyengeziwe kubabambiqhaza kulo lonke uchungechunge. Kuzonciphisa ukuhwebelana kwamazambane okususelwa ku-arbitrage e-India futhi kukhuthaze uhlelo lokuhweba olususelwe ekungezeni inani ngaleyo ndlela kwenze kuthembeke kakhudlwana kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe ukuthi bathenge amazambane kanye nemikhiqizo yamazambane ene-value evela eNdiya.
Umthombo