Bioprotection and Crop Resilience: Managing PVY and Late Blight Under Shifting Climatic Pressures

Minsk — Priluki. Njengoba isizini yokukhula ingena esigabeni sayo esibucayi sokuvuthwa kwasekupheleni kwehlobo kanye nesigaba sangaphambi kokuvuna, abalimi bamazambane kulo lonke elaseBelarus nasezifundeni ezingomakhelwane babhekene nosongo oluphindwe kabili lwe-phytopathological: izinhlobo ezinamandla ze-late blight (Phytophthora infestans) driven by persistent moisture and temperature fluctuations, alongside the silent spread of recombinant strains of Potato Virus Y ($\text{PVY}^\text{NTN}$ and $\text{PVY}^\text{N-Wi}$).

E-Institute of Plant Protection of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (Priluki), ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kwensimu kanye nokuqapha kwezifo kwembula ukuthi izinhlelo ezijwayelekile zokufafaza ngamakhemikhali ezisekelwe ekhalendeni ziyaphela. Ukuphatha lezi zifo ezibangela ukuncipha kwesivuno manje kudinga isu elihlanganisiwe elihlanganisa ukubekezelelana kwezakhi zofuzo, ukunemba vector ukucindezela, kanye nokujikeleza kwe-fungicide yokulwa nokumelana.

The Evolution of Late Blight: The Shift to A2 Strains

Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, isakhiwo sabantu base- Phytophthora infestans eMpumalanga Yurophu kushintshe kakhulu kwaya Uhlobo lokuhlangana lwe-A2Lokhu kuvumela igciwane ukuthi lizale ngokocansi, likhiqize izinto ezithwalwa yinhlabathi ama-oospores ikwazi ukusinda ebusika obunzima futhi iqale ukutheleleka kuze kube amasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu ngaphambi kwesikhathi emjikelezweni wezitshalo.

Amafasitela Okuphatha Okubalulekile:

1. Ukukhula Okusheshayo Kwesicabha (Ngaphambi kokuqhakaza): Sebenzisa izithako ezisebenzayo ze-translaminar kanye neze-systemic (isb., i-propamocarb, i-mefenoxam, i-metalaxyl-M, i-mandipropamid) ukuvikela amaqabunga amasha akhula ngokushesha.
2. Ukuzinza Kwe-Canopy Ngemva Kokuqhakaza: Zungezisa izivikelo zezindawo eziningi kanye nama-translaminar compounds (isb., i-fluopicolide, i-cyazofamid, i-zoxamide) ukuvimba ukuhluma kwe-sporangia ezindaweni ezivuthiwe zamaqabunga.
3. Isethi Yokuvuna Ngaphambi Kokuvuna Nesikhumba: Faka izinto ezivimbela ukubola kwe-tuber kanye ne-antisporulant (isb., i-fluazinam, i-amisulbrom, i-ranman) ukuvimbela ama-zoospores asebenzayo ukuthi angakhukhuleki aye egqumeni futhi athelele izilimo eziyizigaxa ngaphambi kokuvuna.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kwamasu Okulawula Izifo Abalulekile

Ipharamitha	Ubuhlungu Obufike Sekwephuzile (Phytophthora infestans)	I-Potato Virus Y (PVYNTN / PVYN-Wi)
I-Vector / Indlela Eyinhloko	I-sporangia ebangelwa umoya, izimila zembewu ezithelelekile, ama-oospores enhlabathini	Ukudluliswa okungapheli yi-aphid vectors (I-Myzus persicae, I-Aphis nasturtii)
Umonakalo Oqondile Wezitshalo	Ukubola kwamaqabunga ngokushesha, ukubola kwesiqu, ukubola kwezimpande okomile/okunsundu	I-Mosaic, ithonsi lamaqabunga, Isifo Se-Potato Tuber Necrotic Ringspot Disease (PTNRD)
Umkhawulo Wokuqinisekiswa Kwembewu	Akukho ukubekezelelana kokubola kwe-tuber okusebenzayo	Imikhawulo eqinile ye-ELISA/PCR ($\le 0.5–2.0\%$ kuye ngesigaba sembewu)
Ukulawulwa Kwamakhemikhali / Kwezinto Eziphilayo	Izivikelo zezindawo eziningi + ukujikeleziswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo ezihlelekile	Izithiyo zamafutha amaminerali (amafutha e-paraffinic) + izinhlelo zokubulala izinambuzane ezihlelekile
Indlela Yokuzivikela Yezinhlobo Ezihlukahlukene	Ama-gene amakhulu e-$R$ ahlanganiswe nokumelana nensimu yokulinganisa	Ukuzwela ngokweqile (ama-gene e-Ny$) kanye nokumelana okukhulu (ama-gene e-Ry$)

The PVY Crisis: Protecting High-Generation Seed Stocks

Ngokungafani ne-late blight, i-Potato Virus Y ayikwazi ukwelashwa nge-synthetic chemistry uma isingaphakathi ohlelweni lwemithambo yegazi yesitshalo. $\text{PVY}^\text{NTN}$ Uhlobo lwe-necrotic lwenze igciwane laba usongo oluqondile hhayi nje kuphela ekuqineni kwembewu, kodwa nasezimakethe zetafula nezezokucubungula zezentengiselwano ngokubangela amabala abomvu ngaphakathi kwenyama ye-tuber.

Iphrothokholi Yokucindezela Amagciwane Ehlanganisiwe:

• Izifutho Zamafutha Amaminerali: Ukusebenzisa amafutha amaminerali e-paraffinic e-horticultural asezingeni eliphezulu ngezikhathi zezinsuku ezi-5-7 kwakha isithiyo esincane esivikelayo ku-cuticle yeqabunga. Lapho i-aphid ihlola iqabunga, uwoyela uphazamisa ukugcinwa kwegciwane esitayeleni salo, kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisela ngamaphesenti angama-65-80.
• Izicupho Zokutshala Emngceleni: Amabhulokhi okwanda kwembewu yamazambane azungezile anezitshalo ezingezona izithiyo (isb. i-rye yasebusika noma i-oats) akhuthaza ukuhlola ama-aphid ukuze ahlanze ama-stylet awo ngaphambi kokufika emigqeni yembewu.
• Ukucushwa Kwamavektha Nokubikezela Kwesikhathi Sangempela: Amapani amanzi aphuzi kanye nezicupho zokumunca ziqapha ukuphakama kokufuduka kwama-aphid, okubangela ukusetshenziswa kwezinambuzane okunembile lapho inani lazo likhula ngokushesha.

Ukumelana Nesistimu Okubangelwa Yizinto Eziphilayo (i-ISR)

Abacwaningi e-Plant Protection Institute bahlola ama-microbial kanye nama-encitor-based bioprotection agents ukuze banciphise umthelela wamakhemikhali:

• Izinto eziphilayo ezisekelwe ku-bacillus: Izinhlobo ze I-Bacillus subtilis futhi I-Bacillus amyloliquefaciens akhiqiza ama-lipopeptide (i-surfactin, i-iturin) avimbela ukuhluma kwe-spore ngenkathi ebangela ukumelana okutholakala ohlelweni (i-SAR).
• Ukwakheka kwe-Phosphite (i-Potassium Phosphite): Zisebenza njengezithibi eziqondile ze-oomycete futhi zivuselele izindlela zokuzivikela zezitshalo, ziqinise izindonga zamaseli ekungeneni kwe-hyphal.