Amabala ansundu anjengezinjongo emaqabungeni: I-Alternaria iyakhuphuka phezulu kophahla olungezansi

Isithombe esivela ensimini sibonisa isithombe ingxenye yabalimi bamazambane endaweni efudumele abasibukayo njengamanje: iqabunga lisaluhlaza, kodwa iqabunga lisakazeke ngezilonda ezinsundu ezomile, ngalinye lizungezwe yi-halo ephuzi, kanti incwajana iyonke ikhukhuleka ibe yi-chlorosis. Lokhu akusikho ukubola kwe-late blight. Lokhu yi-Alternaria, futhi kudinga impendulo ehlukile.

Yini ngempela ephepheni

Izimpawu zifundeka ngokucacile:

• izilonda owomile, oqinile futhi ogobekile — azisabalali njengebala elimanzi nelinamafutha;
• ezinkulu zibonisa ukuhlukaniswa okugxilile — iphethini evamile yokuhlosa yamasongo ezicubu ezifile;
• ukugxila ngakunye kuzungezwe yi- i-halo ephuzi, kanye ne-chlorosis esakazeka ephepheni;
• lesi sifo siyasebenza kusukela phansi kuya phezulu, ngokusebenzisa amaqabunga amadala ompheme ophansi nophakathi;
• nakhu akukho okumhlophe sporulation eceleni komphetho wesilonda ngaphansi kweqabunga.

Lelo phuzu lokugcina yilona elibaluleke kakhulu ensimini. Yilona elihlukanisa i-Alternaria ne-late blight.

Amagciwane

Isikhunta ezimbili ezahlukene zingemuva kwalezi zimpawu, futhi zihluka kuphela ngokuningiliziwe uma kukhulunywa ngokulawula:

• Alternaria solani — ukubola kwasekuqaleni. Izilonda ezinkulu ezinezindandatho eziqondile, ngokuvamile zibonakala ekuqaleni kwesizini.
• I-Alternaria alternata — Ibala elinsundu leqabunga. Izilonda ezincane, ezifana nembobo yokudutshulwa ezingenalo ithagethi elicacile, ezivame ukuhlangana.

Lokhu kokubili kuvame ukwenzeka ndawonye ensimini efanayo ngisho naseqabungeni elifanayo. Ukuhlonza okunembile kuwumsebenzi welebhu; ukuze uthole isinqumo sokufafaza kwanele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubhekene ne-Alternaria complex hhayi i-Phytophthora.

Kungani manje

I-Alternaria yisifo esibangelwa yi- amaqabunga agugayo futhi acindezelekileIfika lapho:

• isivuno sesingene ekukhuleni kwezitshalo ezinamahlumela amaningi futhi sidlulisela izinsiza ezitshalweni, kuyilapho i-canopy ilahlekelwa ukuzivikela kwayo;
• isimo sezulu sifudumele ngezinsuku ezomile ezishintshanayo kanye namazolo amakhulu noma izimvula ezimfushane — isikhunta sidinga izikhathi zokumanzi kwamaqabunga, kodwa hhayi ukugcwala okuqhubekayo;
• kukhona ukuntuleka kwe-nitrogen, i-potassium, i-magnesium noma i-manganese — lesi sifo sihlala sinzima kakhulu esivunweni esilambile;
• indawo yokuma iminyene kakhulu futhi uphahla luhlala lumanzi isikhathi eside;
• uhlobo luqala ekuqaleni noma phakathi nokuqala - lezi zivame ukuthinteka kakhulu kunezinhlobo ezikhula sekwephuzile;
• ukujikeleza kuqinile kakhulu: amazambane ngemva kwamazambane noma ngemva kwamatamatisi, izinsalela zezitshalo zingcwatshwe zingajulile.

I-inoculum iyasinda ezingcoleni zezitshalo nasenhlabathini, ngakho-ke ukuqubuka kwesifo okwenzeka njalo ensimini efanayo unyaka nonyaka akuyona inhlanhla embi - kuyisinqumo esisekelwe ohlelweni.

I-Alternaria noma i-late blight: ishidi lokukhohlisa lasensimini

Isici	I-Alternaria	Ukulimala okwenzeka ngemuva kwesikhathi
Iqala ngo	amaqabunga aphansi, amadala	ngokuvamile i-canopy ephezulu/ephakathi, imingcele yamapheshana
I-Lesion	owomile, onomphetho, ngokuvamile onezindandatho	okunamafutha, okusabalalayo, okukhula ngokushesha
margin	ophuzi, i-chlorotic	oluhlaza okotshani, okumanziswe ngamanzi
Ngaphansi	akukho ukukhula	i-white downy sporulation emaphethelweni esilonda esimweni sezulu esinomswakama
Weather	ukufudumala, amazolo, ukujikeleza okumanzi-okomile	kupholile, kumanzi isikhathi eside
Speed	kancane, emavikini amaningi	ukuqhuma — insimu ingadilika ngezinsuku

Uma ungaqiniseki, faka iqabunga elithintekile ekamelweni elimanzi (isikhwama esinezicubu ezimanzi) ubusuku bonke ekamelweni lokushisa. Ukulimala kwe-late kuzoveza isici salo esiyingqayizivele sporulation eceleni komphetho wesilonda; i-Alternaria ngeke ikwazi.

Okufanele ngikwenze

1. Hlola indawo yeqabunga ethintekile. Bala iphesenti lokuhlanganisa indawo elahlekile kanye nezinga lompheme elifinyelelwe, hhayi inani lamachashaza. Uma kuphela umpheme ongezansi wohlobo olusanda kutholakala oluneziqabunga ezikhula kancane uthintekile, umnotho wesifutho ungase ungahlangani. Uma lesi sifo sikhuphukela ompheme ophakathi ngenkathi isitshalo sisasebenza futhi ukuvunwa kusasele amasonto, thatha isinyathelo.

2. Futha ucabangele ukumelana. I-Alternaria ilawulwa yi-strobilurins (azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin), ama-SDHI (boscalid, fluopyram), ama-triazoles (difenoconazole) kanye nezivikelo ezifana ne-mancozeb. Umthetho osebenzayo uwukuba amaqembu e-FRAC ahlukile: ungalokothi ulandele i-strobilurin eyodwa nenye, bese uvala inani lezicelo ezivela kunoma yiliphi iqembu ngesizini. Ukumelana nemithi yokubulala isikhunta ye-QoI e-Alternaria kubhalwe kahle — “umkhiqizo awusebenzanga” ngokuvamile kusho inani labantu abakhethiwe, hhayi umgunyathi. Imikhiqizo ethile, amazinga kanye nezikhawu zangaphambi kokuvuna kumele zilandele uhlu lwamanje lokubhalisa lwezwe lakini.

3. Lungisa ukudla okunomsoco. I-Alternaria cishe njalo iyinhloko yokungalingani kokudla okunempilo. Ukuhlolwa kwezicubu zamaqabunga kanye nokondla okulungisayo — i-potassium, i-magnesium kanye ne-manganese kuqala — kuyingxenye yohlelo lwesifo, akuwona umsebenzi ohlukile.

4. Ungakhohlwa ngama-tuber. I-Alternaria ithelela nezimila ngamanxeba omshini ngesikhathi sokuvuna, ikhiqize izilonda ezimnyama ezomile ezicwilisiwe ezinokubola ngaphansi kwesikhumba. Ngakho-ke izidingo ezijwayelekile: vumela isikhumba ukuthi siqine, siphakame ezimweni ezomile, sinciphise ukuklwebheka, futhi sigcine amanxeba amaningi noma okusolakala ukuthi agcinwe isikhathi eside.

5. Finyelela iziphetho zesizini ezayo. Yandisa ukujikeleza, qiniseka ukuthi izinsalela zifakwe kahle futhi zihlukaniswe kahle, gwema ukuminyana kwezitshalo ngokweqile, khetha izinhlobo ezingathinteki kalula bese uqala ngembewu enempilo.

Okungafanele ukwenze

• Ungayilaphi i-Alternaria ngohlelo lokulimala kwangemva kwesikhathi. I-Metalaxyl kanye neminye imikhiqizo ethize ye-oomycete ayinawo umthelela ku-Alternaria — lezi yizinto eziphilayo ezivela emibusweni ehlukene. Ulahlekelwa yimali nesikhathi, bese ugcina lesi sifo.
• Ungafaki i-strobilurin yesithathu elandelanayo “uma kwenzeka.” Leyo yindlela eqondile yokulahlekelwa yiqembu lonke kulelo pulazi zingakapheli izinkathi ezimbili.
• Ungawabali amabala njengokucindezeleka kokushisa bese ulinda. Njalo ngesonto indawo yamaqabunga elahlekile ngesikhathi sokukhula ilingana nesisindo se-tuber ongeke usithole.

---

Unesithombe sasensimini ofuna sihlolwe? Sithumele edeskini le-potatoes.news — sishicilela ukuxilongwa ngezincomo ezisebenzayo. v.kovalev@ amazambane.news

---