Izitshalo zokumboza: Ukukala i-nitrogen kumanyolo oluhlaza

Kokubili umanyolo wamakhemikhali kanye ukuvala izitshalo kungasiza ekwakheni okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen enhlabathini. Kepha izitshalo zokumboza ziza nezinye izinzuzo eziningi, njengokuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi nokukhuphula inzuzo ama-microbes.

Abaphenyi baseCornell University babheka izindlela zokusiza ekutshalweni kwezitshalo ezingambozwa ezingcono, ezaziwa nangokuthi umquba oluhlaza, ezingasiza abalimi ekufuneni kwabo ukutshala izitshalo ngendlela esimeme kakhulu. Imiphumela yabo ishicilelwe ku- Nciphisa isayensi, incwadi ye I-Crop Science Society of America.

UKatherine Muller nethimba lakhe basebenza kumasu okukala ukulungiswa kwe-nitrogen ezinhlelweni zokuzalisa izitshalo ezimbili ezihlanganiswayo: i-crimson clover kanye ne-vetch enoboya. Zombili izilimo zingadonsa i-nitrogen emoyeni ukuzisiza zikhule. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-nitrogen fixation.

"Umquba oluhlaza yizitshalo ezisetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukuzala kwenhlabathi," kusho uMuller. “Basiza inhlabathi ngokufaka izakhamzimba. Sibheka imidumba, eletha i-nitrogen enhlabathini ngenxa yobudlelwano bayo bokubambisana namabhaktheriya. ”

Ukusetshenziswa komquba oluhlaza okwenziwe ngemidumba sekukhona izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kweminyaka yama-1950, umanyolo wamakhemikhali waba umthombo omkhulu we-nitrogen kubalimi emazweni athuthukile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ososayensi ababili, uHaber noBosch, bathole indlela yokudonsa i-nitrogen emoyeni, bese benza umanyolo wamakhemikhali.

Yize lolu hlobo lukamanyolo lukhiqiza, kudinga namandla ukukwenza - futhi lungangena kalula emzimbeni wamanzi uma lungalawulwa kahle.

“Izitshalo eziyisembozo zingamathuluzi abalulekile okuphathwa kwemvelo. Bakhuthaza imiphakathi yamagciwane futhi bafaka izakhi emhlabathini. Empeleni, zisiza ekwakheni inhlabathi evundile enganikeza izakhi zomzimba lapho izitshalo zizidinga. ” - UKatherine Muller

"Izitshalo eziyisembozo zingamathuluzi abalulekile okuphathwa kwemvelo," kusho uMuller. “Bakhulisa imiphakathi engamagciwane futhi bafaka umsoco enhlabathini. Empeleni, zisiza ekwakheni inhlabathi evundile enganikeza izakhi zomzimba lapho izitshalo zizidinga. ”

Ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo zokumboza kungaba yingozi kubalimi ngoba abakwazi ukuthola inani elifanele le-nitrogen elinikezwe inhlabathi. Umanyolo wamakhemikhali uvumela ukubalwa ngqo kwenani le-nitrogen efakwe esitshalweni. Kepha ingakanani i-nitrogen enikezwa uhlobo ngalunye lwesitshalo sekhava akuyona inombolo eyaziwayo.

Inani le-nitrogen elinikezwe isivuno semidumba lincike ekutheni likhula kahle kangakanani nokuthi ingakanani i-nitrogen yalo evela ekulungiseni uma kuqhathaniswa nokuthathwa enhlabathini. Njengamanje, imbewu yezitshalo zokumboza etholakalayo ayinayo inzalo ekhethiwe yokulungiswa kwe-nitrogen - isici esibalulekile.

Abalimi bezitshalo basebenzela ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo zezitshalo ezimbozayo ezinciphisa ubungozi futhi zande izinzuzo kubalimi. Banethemba lokuthi izinhlobo ezingcono zizokhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo zokumboza njengenye indlela yomanyolo wamakhemikhali. Ukulungiswa kwe-nitrogen kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kumanyolo aluhlaza.

“Sihlose ukusiza abatshali bezitshalo ukuthi bathuthukise amasu okubhekela ukuvalwa kwe-nitrogen ezitshalweni zokumboza. Ngoba ukulungiswa kwe-nitrogen kuyisici esiyinkimbinkimbi esiguqukayo njengoba izitshalo zikhula, isikhathi sezilinganiso sibalulekile. ” - UKatherine Muller

"Sihlose ukusiza abatshali bezitshalo ukuthi bathuthukise amasu okukhomba ukulungiswa kwe-nitrogen ezitshalweni zokumboza," kuchaza uMuller. "Ngoba ukulungiswa kwe-nitrogen kuyisici esiyinkimbinkimbi esiguqukayo lapho izitshalo zikhula, isikhathi sezilinganiso sibalulekile."

Kubalimi, isilinganiso esibaluleke kakhulu sokulungiswa kwe-nitrogen kulapho isivuno sinqanyulwa. Umquba oluhlaza we-legume uvamise ukunqanyulwa lapho sekuphuzile. Ukupheliswa kwangaphambilini kusho ukuthi isivuno kungenzeka siphinde sihlume futhi sibe ukhula. Kodwa-ke, izinhlelo zokuzalela i-vetch enoboya kanye ne-crimson clover azikwazi ukuthatha leso silinganiso, njengoba zidinga ukususa isitshalo ngaphambi kokuvotelwa.

“Ithimba lethu lenze isivivinyo ngenkambu ngohlelo olusebenzayo lokuzalisa,” kusho uMuller. “Siqoqe izicubu zezitshalo salinganisa i-nitrogen fixation. Sikwazile ukusho ukuthi ingakanani i-nitrogen yalesi sitshalo evela ekulungisweni uma kuqhathaniswa nenhlabathi. ”

Ithimba livivinye izinhlobo ezintathu zamasampula umenzi wesitshalo angazithatha ukuwaqhathanisa nesampula ehambelana kakhulu nabalimi. Babe sebekala ukulungiswa kwe-nitrogen ngokuthumela amasampula abo ebhodini elinganisa ingqikithi yenitrogen kanye nobuningi be-isotope esizinzile ngokwemvelo.

I-nitrogen evela emhlabathini imvamisa inenqwaba ephakeme ye-isotopu ezinzile ye-nitrogen kune-nitrogen evela ekulungisweni. Lokhu kuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi balinganise inani le-nitrogen isitshalo elisithola enhlabathini uma kuqhathaniswa nokulungiswa.

"Isincomo sethu ukuthi siqoqe iziqu ezitshalweni ngasinye ekuqaleni kokuqhakaza kwezimbali ukukala ukulungiswa kwe-nitrogen ngama-isotopes azinzile," kusho uMuller. "Lokhu kunikeza ummeleli omuhle wokufakwa kwe-nitrogen ezitshalweni zonke, kulinganiswa ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza sekwephuzile okuhambelana kakhulu nabalimi."

Ngokusho kukaMuller, uma abalimi bezokwengeza isilinganiso esisodwa, kufanele kube yilokhu. Ingxenye ye-nitrogen etholwe ngokulungiswa kaningi ayihambelani nosayizi wesitshalo noma ezinye izilinganiso.

“Kubalulekile ukukala i-nitrogen yangempela elungiswe esitshalweni sokumboza ngoba ingahluka,” kusho uMuller. “Abalimi bafuna ukwazi ukuthi baletha malini i-nitrogen emasimini abo. Sidinga ukukala ngokunembile futhi sinikeze lolu lwazi ukusiza abalimi ukuthi benze izinqumo. Siyethemba ukuthi ucwaningo lwethu luzokhuthaza abalimi abaningi ukuthi bathathe izitshalo ezimboza imidumba njengomthombo we-nitrogen. ”

UKatherine Muller ungumcwaningi osasebenza ngemuva kokufunda e-Cornell University. Lolu cwaningo lwenziwe ngokubambisana neLegume Cover Crop Breeding Project, exhaswe nguMnyango Wezolimo waseMelika.