Ukungena ezweni eliwela izwe ukuthi yini ongayilindela izifo zamazambane kule nkathi ekhulayo.
Ukulimala okwedlule futhi cishe njalo kuzoba yinto abakhiqizi bamazambane baseCanada abadinga ukuyiphaphamela. Ukushintsha kwamaphethini wesimo sezulu, amasistimu wokuxwayisa asebenza ngemuva kwesikhathi nemikhiqizo yokulawula kunciphise ubungozi eminyakeni yamuva. Kepha njengoba noma yimuphi umlimi azi, akukho ukushoda kwezinye izifo zamazambane ezingadala inkinga ngesikhathi sokukhula. Nazi ezinye okufanele uziqaphele kulo nyaka.
Ukuhamba kwesikhathi
Izifo ze-Phytophthora, i-blight pathogen ephuzile ebhekele okulimazayo Indlala yamazambane yase-Ireland ngawo-1840, kube yisishayo sabalimi bamazambane emhlabeni wonke kusukela lapho. Ngaphandle kokulahleka kwesivuno okubabazekayo, isifo esibuhlungu sekwephuzile futhi kube yisifo samazambane esibiza kakhulu ukuphatha, ngezindleko zomhlaba wonke okungenani zama- $ 6 billion ngokusho kokunye ukulinganisela.
Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukuthi lesi sifo esibuhlungu sekwephuzile siyaqhubeka njengoba isifo sokuqala sikhathazeka ngabakhiqizi abaningi bamazambane abahweba eCanada. Nokho, eminyakeni embalwa edlule, kuphumelele izinhlelo zokuxwayisa ngokulimaza sekwedlule isikhathi nokushintsha kwezimo zezulu kube nomthelela ekwehleni okuphawulekayo kwezigameko zezifo.
"Kube nokutholwa okukodwa noma okubili okuhle kokulimala sekwephuzile eminyakeni emibili noma emithathu edlule, kodwa asikaze sibe nokuqubuka okuthe chithi saka," kuchaza uDennis Van Dyk, uchwepheshe wezitshalo zemifino noMnyango Wezolimo, Ukudla kanye Nezindaba Zasemakhaya e-Ontario.
“Sinohlelo oluhle kakhulu lokuqapha lapha olunenethiwekhi yokubamba izigaxa ezisebenza njengesibonakaliso sokuqala kwesixwayiso kubalimi bethu futhi sabavumela ukuthi basebenze ngokufuthayo.
"Ukuhlukumeza emuva kwesikhathi kuhlale kuphambili engqondweni, kodwa kulesi sikhathi, noma ngabe kungenxa yesimo sezulu noma ngenxa yenethiwekhi yokubamba izigaxa, ngicabanga ukuthi sinesibambo esihle ngaso."
UVikram Bisht, ongudokotela wezifo zezitshalo noManitoba wezoLimo nokuThuthukiswa kweziNsiza, uphawula ukuthi amasimu amazambane ezentengiso eManitoba awanasifo kusukela ngo-2018, sibonga kakhulu empumelelweni yenethiwekhi yokubamba izikhubekiso sekwephuzile exwayisa abalimi baseManitoba lapho P. ama-infestans inhlamvus zitholakele esifundazweni.
"Kwakungekho mibiko ngo-2020 yokulimala sekwedlule isikhathi, noma ngabe sazibamba izinhlamvu ezithile ezingasekho isikhathi," kusho uBisht. "Sikwazile ukuxwayisa abalimi futhi baphakamisa ne-ante ekuhlelweni kokufafaza, okusize kakhulu."
UDymtro Yevtushenko, ongusihlalo wocwaningo kusayensi yamazambane e-University of Lethbridge, ubika ukuthi kube nezimo ezimbalwa P. ama-infestans izinhlamvu ezitholwa yiPotato Pest Monitoring Network e-Alberta ngonyaka odlule, kodwa azanele ukuphakamisa izinsimbi ze-alamu.
"Kwakungekho ngaphezu komkhawulo othile okusenza sikhathazeke," usho kanje. "Eminyakeni emibili edlule, bekungekho izehlakalo zokulimala sekwedlule isikhathi, okuyinto enhle."
Ngenxa yesimo sezulu saseMaritime esipholile futhi esimanzi e-Atlantic Canada, iPrince Edward Island neNew Brunswick ngokomlando babenezinkinga eziningi ngesifo sekwephuzile kunezinye izifunda eziningi ezikhulisa amazambane ezweni. Kepha izimo zishintshile eminyakeni yamuva nje, lapho isimo sezulu sasehlobo esishisayo nesomisile esinciphise usongo olubangelwa yilo P. ama-infestans amagciwane.
“Ngenxa yesimo sezulu ebesikuso iminyaka emine noma emihlanu edlule, ukulimala sekwephuzile kwehle kakhulu ohlwini lwezifo ezikhathazayo,” kuchaza uLorraine MacKinnon, umxhumanisi wemboni yamazambane noMnyango wezoLimo noMhlaba we-PEI. .
“Sesihambe amasizini ambalwa manje singatholakalanga izinhlamvu ezihlasele sekwedlule isikhathi esiQhingini. Akukaze kube khona i-inoculum ehlezi, ”uyanezela. "Kukhona nezinkinga zokushintsha kwesifo sekwephuzile okungenzeka zibe nolaka kancane emahlamvu, futhi sinemikhiqizo eminingi yokulawula esebenzayo."
IMacKinnon, kanye nabanye ochwepheshe, iyaxwayisa abalimi ukuthi bangayekethisi ukuqapha okulimaza sekwephuzile, okwazi ukuqeda yonke insimu yamazambane ngezinsuku ezimbalwa futhi kuthinte nekhwalithi nokuqina kwezilimo eziyizigaxa.
“Kuhlala kunengozi yokuthi okulimaza emuva kwesikhathi kuzobuyela emikhakheni ye-PEI. Ukumodela okubikezela isimo sezulu okususelwa kusimo sezulu kanye nezicupho ze-spore kuyasebenza kakhulu ngenkathi yesizini, kepha abakwazi ukubikezela isimo ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokukhula, ”usho kanje.
UKhalil Al-Mughrabi, udokotela wezifo ezisePotato Development Centre noMnyango wezoLimo, ezokuDoba kanye ne-Aquaculture eNew Brunswick, uyavumelana nalo mbono njengoba ukungatholakali sekwephuzile kungatholakali eMaritimes eminyakeni emithathu edlule. Uyaphawula kodwa ukuthi ngohlelo lukazwelonke locwaningo, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka nokwakha amasu amasha okulawula izifo kanye nokuhlola ukusebenza kwemikhiqizo ebhalisiwe yesikhunta ngokumelene nezinhlobo ezivelele ze-blight pathogen esedlule.
U-Al-Mughrabi uthi e-New Brunswick, uhlelo lokubikezela ngokulimaza sekwephuzile olususelwa ezimeni zezulu ezilungele ukuthuthukiswa kokulimala sekwephuzile, kanye nohlelo lokubanjwa kwespore oluhlanganisa izifunda ezikhulisa amazambane esifundazweni, ziyasetshenziswa ngenhloso yokubikezela ukuthi kuzoba namakhemikhali aphuze ukufika.
UVan Dyk uphawula ukuthi i-Ontario ibheke uhlobo olusha lokulimaza sekwephuzile, i-US-25, kanye nokubukeka okufana nesikhathi esisheshayo, I-Phytophthora nicotianae, okuluhlobo oluhlobene no P. ama-infestans futhi kubangela izimpawu zamaphepha afana nokulimala sekwephuzile. Kokubili kutholwe komakhelwane esifundazweni saseNew York, ngakho-ke abalimi bayanxuswa ukuba bathumele amasampula wanoma iziphi izitshalo ezibonisa izimpawu zokulimala sekwephuzile ekuhlolweni kokuhlonza uhlobo.
I-PED
Ngenkathi isimo sokulimala sekwephuzile sithuthukile, kunokukhathazeka okukhulayo ezweni lonke ngesinye isifo samazambane esikhubazayo - amazambane asanda kufa (PED).
"Esinye isifo esigqame eminyakeni embalwa edlule yi-PED," kuchaza uMacKinnon. "Ngenxa yokuthi besinehlobo elifudumele nelomile, sibona izinselelo eziningi ngamazambane asheshe afa, futhi lokhu kunomthelela ekutholeni izinhlobo zezinhlobo zokulungiswa… Abakhiqizi balapha bakhathazekile ngakho."
I-Fumigation, ebulala i-verticillium ne-root lesion nematodes ehlotshaniswa ne-PED, iyindlela ejwayelekile yokulawula lesi sifo, kepha ayivunyelwe ku-PEI MacKinnon ithi ngenxa yalokho, abakhiqizi bamazambane base-Island kungenzeka babheke ukwengeza isivuno se-biofumigant ekushintshaneni kwabo lokhu unyaka.
“Isinaphi siya ngokuya sijwayeleka ngenxa yezizathu ezimbalwa. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi isinaphi sisebenza ngempumelelo uma sibhekene ne-verticillium esemhlabathini, kepha sinezinzuzo ezithile ngokulawulwa kwe-wireworm, ”kusho uMacKinnon.
"Kukhona nocwaningo oluningi olwenziwe ngomphumela wamabele, isithombo samabele, nezinye izitshalo ezijikelezayo ezinganciphisa inani le-verticillium kanye / noma impande lesion nematode enhlabathini."
UVan Dyk uthi yize i-PED ingahle ingabi yinkinga enkulu e-Ontario njengoba kunjalo ngeMaritimes, kodwa empeleni isendaweni yabalimi esifundazweni sakhe enabalimi ababenezinkinga ngayo, ifutha futhi ibheka ezinye izindlela zezempilo zenhlabathi.
"Sibe nesivuno esihle impela, ngakho-ke uma abalimi bezofaka i-fumigant yezinsimu abacabanga ukuthi ziphezulu kuma-verticillium nama-nematode, babenethuba lokwenza lokho ekwindla ngoba sasikhona isikhathi sokwenza lokho," kuchaza yena. .
UBisht uphawula ichashazi elimnyama kanye ne-verticillium wilt, zombili ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo se-PED sezifo ezibangela ukufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, bezilokhu zanda ngokubaluleka eManitoba eminyakeni yamuva. Yize isimo sezulu sidlala indima enkulu ezigabeni zombili lezi zifo, uBisht ulindele ukuthi ingcindezi yezifo izohlala iphezulu kule sizini ezayo ezindaweni ezinomlando wamachashazi amnyama ne-verticillium wilt.
U-Yevtushenko uthi ukukhathazeka nge-PED kuyanda e-Alberta kanti nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kukhulisa ubungozi bayo.
"Indawo yokutshala iyanda, futhi ukushintshaniswa kwezitshalo kungancipha, futhi lokhu kuzogcina kuholele ekuqoqeni okuphezulu kwe-verticillium enhlabathini, ngakho-ke ngengcindezi ephezulu ye-pathogen silindele ukuthi izehlakalo zalesi sifo kungenzeka zikhuphuke," kuchaza yena.
Ukuhlakazeka Kwesifundazwe
- IBlackleg eManitoba - Ngokusho kukaBisht, izimo ezipholile, ezimanzi zokutshala entwasahlobo edlule ziholele ekuqhamukeni okuphezulu kwesifo sebhaktheriya emasimini amazambane aseManitoba ngonyaka owedlule ongathintanga isivuno kuphela, kodwa futhi odale nenkinga ye-blackleg kwezinye izitokwe. UBisht uthi kufanele kunakekelwe kakhulu ukusika imbewu ngenxa yokunciphisa ubungozi bokutshala imbewu enesifo se-blackleg.
- I-Soft Rot e-Ontario - UVan Dyk uthi izingqinamba zembewu ezingenisiwe ezibangelwa amagciwane egciwane afana UDickeya dianthicola futhi I-Pectobacterium parmentieri sezikhathaze kakhulu abakhiqizi bamazambane e-Ontario. Unxusa abalimi ukuthi batshale imbewu esezingeni eliphakeme eqinisekisiwe, bahlole inqwaba yezimbewu uma bekwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi azinazifo, babekele imbewu esolwayo ibanga, futhi baqaphele izimpawu zokuqala zokubola okuthambile kwamagciwane emasimini amazambane njengokuvela okunamabala nezitshalo ngamandla amancane.
- Ukukhanya kwangaphambi kwesikhathi e-Atlantic Canada - U-Al-Mughrabi uphawula ukuthi lesi sifo sasiyinselelo emasimini amazambane esifundeni saseMaritimes ngonyaka odlule ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemvula okwakugcizelela izitshalo futhi kwathanda ukuthuthukiswa kokulimala kwangaphambi kwesikhathi. "Uma isimo sezulu ngesizini ezayo siqhubeka nokuba nesomiso, kungalindelwa umkhuba ofanayo wokulimala kusenesikhathi," kuchaza yena.
- Utwayi Ojwayelekile e-PEI - IMacKinnon ikhombisa ukuthi isimo sezulu esomile esifundazweni kule minyaka esanda kudlula sisho ukuthi umswakama omncane uyatholakala kwizilimo eziyizigaxa njengoba ziqala ukuqala. "Ngenxa yalokho, ungathola uqweqwe oluvame kakhulu ukuvela, futhi kuyisifo esikhohlisa kakhulu ukusilawula," esho.