Uhlelo olusebenzayo lokulawula ukhula lubheka uhlobo lokhula olukhona, ukushintshwa kwezitshalo, ukutshala, imithi yokubulala ukhula etholakalayo, kanye nekhono lokuncintisana lesilimo samazambane.
Ukuncintisana kusukela ekuqaleni kokhula lwesizini kuzonciphisa isivuno uma kungalawuleki phakathi kwamaviki ama-4 kuya kwayisi-6 ngemva kokuvela kwamazambane. Ukhula oluvela ngemva kokuba imivini seyimboze imigqa ngokuvamile ngeke iqhudelane nesitshalo samazambane; nokho, zingase zinciphise isivuno ngokuphazamisa ukuvuna futhi zingakhiqiza imbewu ezobangela ukuhlasela kwezitshalo ezilandelayo. Ukhula luvame ukuba lubi kakhulu uma ukukhula kwezitshalo kubanjezelwa izimo ezimbi ekuqaleni kwesizini. Izinkinga zokhula zingancishiswa ngokusungula ukuma okunamandla kwamazambane.
Ukuphatha ukhula kanye namazambane kuyahlukahluka ezifundeni ezimbili ezinkulu ezitshala amazambane zaseCalifornia: Kern County kanye nesifunda saseTule Lake. Esifundeni sase-Kern County, inhlabathi inesihlabathi noma i-sandy loam enamazinga ezinto eziphilayo angaphansi kuka-1%. Izitshalo zenziwa kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaNovemba kuze kube sekuqaleni kukaMashi ngesitshalo sasentwasahlobo nesehlobo futhi ngoJulayi kulungiselelwa isivuno sasebusika esincanyana kakhulu. Esifundeni saseTule Lake, inhlabathi iwudaka oluqinile olunamazinga ezinto eziphilayo asukela ku-3 kuya ku-15%; Ukutshala kwenziwa ngoMeyi futhi kuvunwa ekwindla. Ngakho-ke, izindlela zamasiko azihlukani kuphela ezifundeni ezimbili kodwa nezinhlobo zokhula kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-herbicide.
Ukuqapha
Ukuze uhlele uhlelo lokulawula ukhula, kufanele wazi ukuthi hlobo luni lokhula olukhona, iluphi oluningi kakhulu, nokuthi ubuningi balo buyashintsha yini. Yenza inhlolovo njalo insimu ngayinye ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zokhula ezikhona kanye nempumelelo yezinyathelo zangaphambili zokulawula ukhula. Ekuqaleni kwenkathi yamazambane, ikakhulukazi ngaphambi kokuvalwa kwemigqa, yenza ucwaningo lwamasonto onke. Naka ngokukhethekile izitshalo ezikhula iminyaka eminingi futhi, lapho zenzeka, ukuhlasela kwe-dodder. Futhi qiniseka ukuthi ubhala ukhula lwaminyaka yonke olukhiqize imbewu. Lapho amazambane ekhona ekujikelezweni kwezitshalo, qaphela ukhula ezitshalweni ezedlule kanjalo.
Ukuze uhlole ukhula, hamba ngokunganaki ensimini futhi ulinganise izinga lokutheleleka ohlotsheni ngalunye lokhula. Dweba imephu yendawo bese umaka lapho izitshalo ezihlala njalo zenzeka khona. Amamephu awusizo kakhulu ekuhloleni kabusha izindawo ezifanayo isizini ngayinye ukuze kutholwe ukuthi izilawuli ezikhethekile ziyadingeka yini ngesikhathi sokulinywa okungalinywa noma ngokuzungezisayo. Lolu lwazi luzoba wusizo kakhulu ngokuhamba kweminyaka ekubikezeleni izinkinga zokhula. Qopha imininingwane yocwaningo lokhula (ifomu lesibonelo- PDF).
Ukuphatha Ukhula
Ezinye izinhlobo zamazambane zincintisana nokhula futhi zingatshalwa ngaphandle kwemithi yokubulala ukhula uma izimo, ezinjengomswakama wenhlabathi, zenza kube lula ukuvela kokhula ngaphambi kwamazambane. Ukhula oluningi lungabe selususwa ngokutshalwa okubekwe isikhathi ngaphambi nje kokuvela kwamazambane. Ukhula olumbalwa, nokho, olufana nama-nutsedges nama-nightshades, luvela namazambane nangemva kwawo futhi lulawulwa kangcono ngokushintshanisa izitshalo noma ngama-herbicides.
Ikhono lokuncintisana lesitshalo samazambane liyahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene. Uma ufuna ukutshala amazambane ngaphandle kwama-herbicides, khetha enye yezinhlobo ezincintisana kakhulu. I-White Rose, i-Ute russets, i-Chieftain, ne-Red LaSoda inolaka kakhulu futhi ivala imigqa ngokushesha. I-Russet Norkotah entsha ivamise ukuthi iqonde kancane futhi iyahlukahluka ekhavani, kuyilapho i-Tejon White ithi inolaka. Ngezinye izikhathi izifo, ukuntuleka kwe-nitrogen, ukungcoliswa komoya, noma izinguquko zesimo sezulu kungashintsha indlela lezi zinhlobo ezikhula ngayo. Izinhlobonhlobo ezivunwa zibe luhlaza ukuze ziqhunyiswe zinezinkinga ezincane ngokhula, okuhlanganisa nama-nutsedge, ahlasela ngemva kokutshalwa kwesizini yokuqala ngenxa yokuthi umvini uhlala kuze kuvunwe.
Ukujikeleziswa kwezitshalo nokutshala kokubili kungasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ukuphatha ukhula. Ukujikeleziswa kwezitshalo kuyasiza ekulawuleni izinkinga ezinzima zokhula ngoba kuvumela izinhlobo eziningi zezindlela zokulawula ukhula. Ukutshala kunganciphisa kakhulu inani lokhula uma selivele selivele.
Imithi yokubulala ukhula iyingxenye eyinhloko ezinhlelweni eziningi zokulawula ukhula lwamazambane. Ukukhetha ama-herbicide akuncikile kuphela ezinhlotsheni zokhula ezikhona manje, kodwa ohlotsheni lwenhlabathi, imikhuba yamasiko, ukubekezelela imichilo yokhula yamazambane, kanye nokuba khona kwe-herbicide. Ezisimini eziningi kungase kudingeke imichilo yokubulala ukhula emibili noma emithathu ngesikhathi sokukhula kwamazambane. Sebenzisa imithi yokubulala ukhula ezolawula uhlobo lokhula ensimini yakho ngendlela efanele yokulufaka, izinga, nesikhathi, futhi uma kungenzeka, bulala ukhula ngaphambi kokuba lukhule ngale kwesigaba sezithombo.
Uma isetshenziswa ngokucophelela, imithi yokubulala ukhula enelebuli yokusetshenziswa kumazambane atshalwe eCalifornia ilawula iminyaka eminingi yonyaka okwamanje ehlasela amasimu amazambane, kanye nokhula oluhlala njalo olufana ne-nutsedge, johnsongrass kanye ne-bermudagrass. Kunemithi yokubulala ukhula esebenza emhlabathini kuphela (ngeke ilawule ukhula oluvelayo), i-foliar esebenzayo kuphela (ngeke ilawule ukhula olungakaqhamuki) kanye nemithi yokubulala ukhula enomsebenzi wenhlabathi kanye namahlamvu. Kuye ngelebula nokhula, imithi yokubulala ukhula ingasetshenziswa ngaphambi kokutshala; emva kokutshala, ukuvela kokhula noma amazambane noma kokubili; noma ngemva kokuvela kumazambane nokhula.
Lapho kusetshenziswa inhlabathi, i-preplant noma i-layby herbicide isetshenziswa enhlabathini ephezulu yezinto eziphilayo, amanani aphezulu angase adingeke ukuze kulawuleke ukhula okwamukelekayo. Landela ngokucophelela zonke izincomo zelebula ye-herbicide ukuze usebenzise amanani ezinhlotsheni zenhlabathi ezihlukahlukene.
Kwezinye izindawo, kusetshenziswa ama-vine-kill noma ama-desiccants kulungiselelwa ukuvuna. Lawa ajwayele ukuthintana, ama-postemergence (foliar) ama-herbicides. Endabeni yamazambane agcinwe ensimini, gingqa imivini efile ukuze uphule iziqu zokhula olude futhi ucindezele umhlabathi ukuvimbela ukuqhekeka kwenhlabathi. Sebenzisa ama-postemergence herbicides uma kudingeka ukulawula ukhula okwengeziwe.
Ukuphatha Ukhula Ngaphambi Kokutshala
Ukujikeleza kwezitshalo
Okusanhlamvu, okuhlanganisa okusanhlamvu okuncane, ummbila, ne-milo (amabele), kubalulekile ngokushintshana; imithi yokubulala ukhula engeke isetshenziswe emazambaneni ingasetshenziswa ukulawula ukhula oluyinkinga kulezi zitshalo nangemuva kokuvuna kwazo. Ukhula olungapheli lungabuye lulawuleke ngemva kokuvunwa kokusanhlamvu ngokuhluza nokunisela ukuze kukhuthaze ukukhula kokhula ekwindla bese kugcotshwa isibulala-zinambuzane esikhula ngemva kokuhluma. Ukugeleza okomile noma okuniselwe ngemva kokuvunwa kukaMeyi/Juni e-Kern County kuvumela ukulawula ukhula oluningi. Ukushintshashintsha kwezitshalo nakho kungasiza ekulawuleni izifo namanematode.
I-Alfalfa isitshalo esihle esishintshashintshayo emhlabathini ongaseceleni ongeke usekele ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane ngokushintshaniswa okufushane. I-Alfalfa isusa ukhula oluningi lwaminyaka yonke kanye nokugunda i-alfalfa ngokuphindaphindiwe kuqeda ukhula oluvela ensimini ngaphambi kokuba lukhiqize imbewu futhi lusize ekunciphiseni ukutheleka kokhula oluyinkathazo. Kodwa-ke, i-alfalfa isengozini kwezinye izinhlobo ze-root-knot nematode ezingase zinciphise ukuba wusizo kwesitshalo ekujikelezweni kwamazambane.
Ezinye izitshalo ezihlobene eduze namazambane, njengotamatisi, upelepele, nesitshalo seqanda azizona izitshalo ezinhle zokushintshanisa ngoba imithi yokubulala ukhula iyafana naleyo esetshenziswa emazambane. Ngaphandle kokwanda kwezinhlobo zokhula ezingalawulwa yile michiza yokubulala ukhula, leli qiniso lingase lingavumeli indlela esebenzayo yokushintshanisa ukhula ukuze kuvinjelwe noma kubambezele ukukhula kokumelana nezibulala-khula.
Ukulima
Amasimu amazambane kufanele njalo alinywe ngemva kokuvunwa kwezitshalo zangaphambilini ukuze kuncishiswe imbewu yokhula noma ukukhiqizwa kwe-propagule. Ukulinywa okwengeziwe kufanele kwenziwe uma ukhula lukhula futhi lusondela ezigabeni zokuzala ngaphambi kokuba amazambane atshalwe.
Ama-herbicides
I-preplant herbicide isetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwensimu noma ukufaka umanyolo ngaphambi kokutshala amazambane. Ama-preplant, ama-herbicides asebenzayo enhlabathini ngokuvamile afakwa enhlabathini ngomshini noma ngokuchelela nge-sprinkler ngaphambi kokuvela kokhula ukuze kubulawe imbewu yokhula ehlumayo noma njengoba nje kuvela izithombo zokhula. Ama-herbicides angakhethi afana ne-paraquat ne-glyphosate nawo angasetshenziswa ngaphambi kokutshala ukuze kulawuleke ukhula oluvelayo.
Ukuze ulawule i-nutsedge e-Kern County, umuthi osebenza enhlabathini i-EPTC kufanele usetshenziswe ngoMashi 1. Ungase usetshenziswe ngaphambi kokutshala noma utshalwe kabusha, kodwa ukufakwa kabili noma kathathu ngesizini ngokuvamile kuyadingeka. I-Metribuzin ingasetshenziswa eSiskiyou naseModoc County. I-Trifluralin ne-EPTC noma i-Pendimethalin kanye ne-EPTC zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezixube zokulawula ukhula zangaphambi kokuhluma.
Ukulawula Ukhula Ngemva Kokutshala
Ngokuya ngohlobo lwesistimu yokuchelela esetshenziswayo, amasimu amazambane angatshalwa ezikhathini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba i-canopy ivale phezu kwemigqa ukuze kulawuleke ukhula oluningi.
E-Kern County, ukubeka isikhathi sokutshala ukuze kuzuze ukuncintisana okukhulu kwamazambane kuyindlela ezuzisa kakhulu. Kumazambane asentwasahlobo atshalwe ebusika, imigqa ingatshalwa ngesikhathi sasebusika, ngaphambi nje kokuvela kwamazambane kuze kube yilapho izitshalo sezinobude obuyi-intshi engu-4- kuya kwangu-8, uma kunesidingo. Lokhu kususa ukhula lwasebusika futhi ngokuvamile ukhula lokuqala lwentwasahlobo.
NgoFebhuwari ukutshalwa kwezitshalo, ukutshalwa ngaphambi nje kokuhluma kuze kufike esigabeni esingama-intshi angu-4 kuya kwangu-8, kuvame ukwanela isikhathi eside sokulawula ukhula oluningi lwaminyaka yonke ngoba izitshalo zamazambane zikhula ngokushesha futhi zidlula ukhula oluningi, ngaphandle kwama-nutsedges. . Ezitshalweni zasehlobo, ukushisa okukhulu kuvumela ukukhula kokhula ngokushesha. Lima lapho ukhula luncane. Kudingeka ukulima kaningi ngezinye izikhathi ukuze kulawulwe ukukhukhuleka kokhula okuningi. Bambezela ukuchelela ngemva kokutshala isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze uvimbele ukuhluma kabusha nokuhluma kokhula.
Ezindaweni lapho amazambane aniselwa khona ngezifafazi eziqinile, abalimi abaningi bayanqikaza ukulima ngemva kokuba amazambane enehlumela elikhulu nezimpande ngenxa yengozi yokuthenwa kwezimpande kanye nokulimala ngokomzimba kumahlumela. Ukushisa okufika ngesikhathi kunganciphisa kakhulu isivuno noma ikhwalithi uma izifafazi eziqinile zihlukaniswa ukuze kuvunyelwe ukulinywa futhi zingahlanganiswa ngokushesha ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokunisela. Amazambane kufanele agcinwe ohlangothini olumanzi olumanzi; zikhipha amanzi amaningi esimweni sezulu esishisayo esimisweni sazo sezimpande esilinganiselwe. Uma isetshenziswa, ukutshala kufanele kube okungashoni kakhulu futhi kwenziwe cishe ezinsukwini ezi-3 kuya kwezi-5 ngemuva kokunisela. Okunye okukhathazayo ngokulima yinkinga yokucinana kwenhlabathi.
Esifundeni saseTule Lake, ukulima okunesikhathi esihle kunganciphisa kakhulu isidingo sokulawula amakhemikhali. Ukulima kwe-postplant Hilling kungaqeda ukhula oseluvele lwavela. Kodwa-ke, ukuze kusebenze kahle, ukutshalwa kufanele kwenzeke lapho lolu khula lungaphansi kwe-intshi eyodwa ubude, inhlabathi eyanele iphonswa phezu kokhula ukuze lubulawe, futhi ukhula olubekwe phezu kwenhlabathi luvunyelwe ukuba lome futhi lufe. Kamuva izithombo zokhula ezisakhulayo zingalawulwa ngokutshalwa kwesibili noma ngama-postmergence, ama-foliar-active herbicides.
Ukutshalwa kwesibili ngaphambi kokuvalwa komugqa kungase kuqede ngisho nesidingo sokulawula ukhula ngamakhemikhali. Uma kusadingeka ukulawula ukhula ngamakhemikhali ngemva kokuhluma, ukutshalwa kusenesikhathi kuzonciphisa ukucindezeleka kokhula kusenesikhathi kanye nobukhulu bokhula oludinga ukulawulwa. Ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokulawula ukhula kanye nokunciphisa ukucinana, tshala lapho inhlabathi yomile. Izinsimu ezisanda kulinywa akufanele ziniselwe okungenani amahora angu-24 ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuqedwa okuphelele kokhula olusishuliwe.
Ama-herbicides
Ngokuya ngokhula olukhona, ama-preemergence herbicides asetshenziswa ngemuva kokutshala amazambane nawo angadingeka ngaphezu kokutshala ngaphambi kokutshala. Ngemva kokutshala, inhlanganisela yama-herbicides amabili noma amathathu angaphambi kokuvela isetshenziswa ngesikhathi noma ngemva nje kokuqothuka. Ukutshala ngaphambi nje kokutshala ukhula kungabulala ukhula oseluvele luvele. Uma ukulawulwa okwengeziwe kudingekile ngemva kokuvela kwamazambane, ama-herbicide athile angase asetshenziswe ngokuchelela nge-sprinkler (chemigation). Ngemuva kokuvela, imichiza yokubulala ukhula esebenza ngamahlamvu ifafazwa okhulani olusahluma, ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu ngenkathi luseluncane futhi lukhula lukhula.
Ama-preemergence herbicides ajwayele ukusetshenziswa phakathi namasonto amathathu okuqala ngemva kokutshala futhi ahlanganiswe emhlabathini kusetshenziswa ukuchelela ngokuchelela noma ngomshini ngesikhathi kulinywa nokuqothuka. Ukufakwa emva kokutshala kokugcina kuvame ukuthandwa ukuvimbela inhlabathi efakelwe ukhula ephazamisayo emgqeni. Imithi yokubulala ukhula esebenza emhlabathini, engaphambi kokuhluma iphephile kumazambane asanda kuvela futhi isetshenziswa emasontweni amabili kuya kwamathathu ngemva kokutshala inweba ukulawula insalela. Kulesi simo, ama-postemergence, ama-herbicides asebenzayo kufanele afakwe ku-tank-mix uma kukhona ukhula oluvele lukhona.
Imithi yokubulala ukhula yangemva kokumila okungakhethi njenge-paraquat, i-glyphosate, noma i-carfentrazone ingasetshenziswa ngemva kokutshala kodwa ngaphambi kokuvela kwezitshalo noma ukulimala kwezitshalo. I-Rimsulfuron ne-metribuzin inokubili umsebenzi wenhlabathi kanye namahlamvu ngakho-ke ingasetshenziswa yodwa noma ihlanganiswe ngaphambi noma ngemva kokuvela kokhula noma amazambane. I-Rimsulfuron ivame ukuhlukaniswa-isetshenziswa ngaphambi nangemuva kokuvela kwamazambane noma kabili emva kokuvela. Funda amaphepha amaqiniso anhlobonhlobo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-metribuzin njengoba izinhlobo zamazambane ziyahlukahluka ekubekezeleni kwazo lesi sibulala-khula. Imithi yokubulala ukhula ngemva kokuvela kotshani njenge-clethodim noma sethoxydim ingasetshenziswa ukulawula ukhula lotshani.
Ukubulala imivini yamazambane ngaphambi kokuvuthwa kwemvelo kungasiza ekuvuthweni kwe-tuber kanye nesikhumba futhi kubulale ezinye izinhlobo zokhula ezisaluhlaza ensimini, kodwa izinzuzo zokubulala umvini zincike kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo. Ukugunda i-Flail, ukugoqa, kanye nokususwa kwamakhemikhali yizindlela ezintathu zendabuko zokubulala umvini. Ukugunda nokususwa kwe-deiccation kusiza ukuvimbela ukhula ukuthi luphazamise ukuvuna ngomshini. Zingasiza futhi ekuvimbeleni ukuvuthwa kokhula nokukhiqizwa kwembewu.
Echibini laseTule nakwezinye izindawo zamazambane ezinomhlabathi ophakeme wezinto eziphilayo, i-s-metolachlor (i-Dual Magnum II) ingasetshenziswa emhlabathini ngaphambi kokuvela kwamazambane ukuze kulawulwe i-nightshade, i-nutsedge ephuzi, nolunye ukhula. Kungcono ukufaka i-s-metolachlor ngokuchelela ngokuchelela, kodwa futhi ingafakwa ngokulinywa okungashoni ngemva kokutshala. I-Dimethenamid-p ne-pendimethalin nayo ingasetshenziswa ngaphambi kokuvela emhlabathini ophakeme wezinto eziphilayo ezikhona endaweni yaseTule Lake.
Esimeni esinjalo, sebenzisa izinga eliphezulu le-dimethenamid-p; isicelo kumele silandelwe yimvula, ukuchelela noma ukufakwa kwemishini okungashoni. Lapho inhlabathi inezinto eziphilayo ezingaphezu kuka-0.5%, isicelo se-postemergence metribuzin noma inhlanganisela ye-metribuzin ne-rimsulfuron ingase isetshenziselwe ukulawula ukhula lwamaqabunga abanzi. Ukuze uthole imiphumela engcono kakhulu, sebenzisa imithi yokubulala ukhula lapho ukhula luncane, lungaphansi kweyintshi elingu-1 ubude. I-Metribuzin ayinconywa kwezinye izinhlobo zamazambane ezibucayi, ezifaka phakathi isizini yokuqala enesikhumba esimhlophe kanye nezinhlobo eziningi ezinesikhumba esibomvu.
Uma usebenzisa i-EPTC e-Kern County futhi isicelo sesivele senziwe ngaphambi kokutshala, olunye uhlelo (olulandelanayo) lungenziwa ngemva kokutshala nama-cultivators agingqekayo futhi afakwe emibhedeni, noma ngokuxutshwa ngezifafazi eziqinile ngemva kokuba imibhede isilinyiwe futhi yakhiwe. Njengoba lo muthi wokubulala ukhula uguquguquka, landela ilebula ngokucophelela ukuze uthole isikhathi sokufakwa. Imiphumela ngezinye izikhathi iba nephutha, ikakhulukazi uma imvula ingani, futhi ukuchelela akwenziwa ngokushesha ngemva kokufakwa ukuze kusebenze ngaphambi kokuba kuvele ukhula.
I-pendimethalin noma i-trifluralin ngokuvamile ayidingeki uma i-EPTC isetshenziswa ngokulandelana. I-Pendimethalin ivamise ukusetshenziswa i-postplant ene-EPTC ukucindezela i-nightshade. I-Pendimethalin esetshenziswa ngamanani amalebula aphansi bese ifafazwa ngaphambi kokuba amazambane aqhamuke ilawula ngempumelelo izinhlobo ezimbalwa ezihlukene ezihlanganisa ama-pigweed, ama-lambsquarters, ama-nightshades, namasinaphi ngokuphepha kwezitshalo okunengqondo. Emhlabathini ophakeme wezinto eziphilayo, ukulawula kungase kube ingxenye kuphela. Ingxube yethangi ye-pendimethalin ne-dimethenamid-p nayo ingaba yinzuzo futhi ngokuvamile inikeza ukulawula okungcono kunomunye umkhiqizo wodwa.
Qaphela ukuthi i-dimethenamid-p kufanele isetshenziswe njengokuvela kuqala kumazambane. Lapho i-pendimethalin isetshenziswa ngemuva kokuvela kwamazambane, ingozi yokulimala kwezitshalo iyanda; ungasebenzisi ngemva kokuba amazambane afinyelele amasentimitha angu-6 ukuphakama. Ezinhlotsheni ezinokukhula okuncane okuphezulu, ukwengeza izinga eliphansi le-pendimethalin ekufakweni kwe-postplant ye-EPTC kuthuthukisa utshani besizini yakamuva kanye nokulawulwa kwezingulube. Ezitshalweni zasebusika, izimbabazane ezivelelayo kanye nezinaphi zasebusika zingalawulwa nge-paraquat ngaphambi kokuba amazambane aqhamuke.
Ukulawula Ukhula Ekuvuneni
Ezindaweni lapho amazambane atshalwa khona ngaphambi kokuvunwa, izinombolo zokhula eminyakeni elandelayo zingancishiswa ngokubulala ukhula ngalesi sikhathi njengoba zibhujiswa ngaphambi kokuba zivuthwe imbewu. Ngenye indlela, ngemva kokuba imivini nokhula kucutshunguliwe, indunduma yenhlabathi engamasentimitha angu-2 ukuya kwangu-6 ingadalwa phezu kwemibhede ukuze kusize ukugcina umswakama wenhlabathi ezungeze amazambane ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwesikhumba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhluma kokhula kuyavinjelwa ngoba inhlabathi engaphezulu yomile.
Ama-herbicides
Ngesikhathi sokuvuna, imibhede egoqiwe ingaphathwa nge-paraquat noma i-diquat yokubulala umvini wamazambane kanye nokubulala ama-nutsedge namanye amahlamvu okhula ukuze kumiswe ukukhula okuqhubekayo ngokushesha. I-Diquat ingasebenza kakhulu. Ezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane ezinamandla ezivame ukukhula ekupheleni kwesizini, ukufaka izicelo ezimbili, ezihlukaniswe isonto elilodwa, kungase kudingeke. Landela ilebula ukuze uthole amanani alungile. Ukushiswa nge-propane ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziselwa ukubulala umvini, kakhulu ukuvimbela izifo ze-tuber blight kusenesikhathi kanye nokwenza lula ukuvuna ngomshini kunokulawula ukhula. Ingakwazi ukuqeda ukhula ngokudlula okukodwa, kodwa iphasi yesibili iyadingeka ukuze kokhele ukhula. Ungasebenzisi i-glyphosate!
Ngokuvamile ama-desiccant awadingeki e-Kern County, ikakhulukazi ezinhlobonhlobo zokusika; imivini iyancipha lapho ukuchelela kuyekwa. I-Diquat ne-glufosinate ingasetshenziselwa ukubulala umvini amazambane agciniwe kanye nembewu. I-stem end browning ebangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwama-desiccant ukukhathazeka kwabalimi kodwa akuvamile ukwenzeka e-California.