Abalimi abafuna ukugcina ama-marestail neminye iminyaka yasebusika efana ne-henbit ne-purple nettle efile kusuka ngaphezulu kwezinsimu zabo ze-2021 bangathola ukuqala kwalokhu kuwa.
“IMarestail kulula ukuyilawula ekwindla uma iqhathaniswa nentwasahlobo noma isizini,” kusho uJohn Pawlak, umphathi omkhulu wokuthuthukiswa kwamaphrojekthi eValent USA. Izicelo ze-Fall herbicide zingasiza i-nix isitsha sesaladi sentwasahlobo sokhula ekwakheni futhi isuse nemikhawulo yokubuyiselwa kwezitshalo ehambisana nokwelashwa kwentwasahlobo.
“Ayinciphisi nje kuphela ukwanda kokhula kodwa futhi nokukhiqizwa kwembewu yokhula,” kusho uJake Hoxmeier, isazi sezolimo nesimu sePhayona. "Kuhle futhi ukubuyela entwasahlobo [nemithi yokubulala ukhula yesikhathi sokukhula] futhi ungakhungatheki ngokukhula okusindayo kokhula."
Okwamanje, asikho isembozo sokhula esisho ukuthi inhlabathi isheshe ifudumale entwasahlobo, okusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi kutshalwa kusenesikhathi, kungeza uPawlak.
"Enye inkinga esinayo ukuthi thina [e-Illinois] sisebenza kakhulu ekusebenziseni i-ammonia engenamanzi ekwindla," kusho u-Aaron Hager, onguchwepheshe wokhula wase-University of Illinois Extension. "Abalimi abaningi kanye nabafaka izicelo zenkambiso bagxila kulokho kunasebusika."
Noma kunjalo, isikhathi sivame ukuba khona semithi yokwelapha ye-herbicide noma ngabe abalimi basebenzise i-anhydrous ammonia. "Iminyaka eminingi, kungaba nempumelelo enhle ekulawuleni unyaka wasebusika ngezicelo ezenziwe nge-Thanksgiving," kwengeza uHager.
UKULIMALA KONYAKA WONKE
Izikhathi zasebusika kungenzeka zinganaki ukhula olufana ne-waterhemp ne-Palmer amaranth, kepha zisenganciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo. I-chickweed ejwayelekile ingakha umata ominyene ofaka inhlabathi futhi ubambezele ukoma kwensimu, kubangele ukulibaziseka kokutshala. Izikhathi zasebusika nazo zinikeza isiphephelo somsundu omnyama wokubeka amaqanda aholela ekuchamuseleni izibungu, ezilimaza ummbila ngemuva kokuvela.
I-Ditto yama-soybean cyst nematode (SCN). Yize kungekho minyaka yonyaka yasehlobo efana ne-waterhemp ephethe i-SCN, yindaba ehlukile enonyaka wasebusika njenge-henbit ne-pennycress yensimu, engasekela amazinga abalulekile wokukhiqiza we-SCN.
"Akuhehi i-cyst nematode yesoya kabhontshisi ngoba ayikwazi ukuzihambela kahle," kusho uGreg Tylka, isazi semathematics sase-Iowa State University Extension. Lapho nje i-SCN isensimini, nokho, ukhula lwaminyaka yonke lasebusika lungabanjelwa izinambuzane. "Benza inkinga ngokuhlinzekwa kokudla kwe-nematode, noma ngabe abalimi batshala isivuno esingesona isipoki njengommbila," kusho uTylka. Izinombolo ze-SCN zizoqhubeka nokukhuphuka, ngisho nakomunye unyaka wokutshala ngokushintshaniswa kommbila wesoya.
"Lapho siqala ukuzilawula, kuba ngcono ukuthi sibe phakathi nesikhathi sokukhula," kwengeza uHager.
IZINKETHO EZININGI EKUWENI
Njengoba abantu abaningi be-marestail manje sebemelana ne-glyphosate, ukusetshenziswa kokuwa kwalowo herbicide ngeke kusasebenza ukwedlula intwasahlobo noma ihlobo. Kodwa-ke, i-2,4-D isebenza kahle njengohlelo lokuwa olungabizi kakhulu, kusho uHager. Futhi ayinayo imikhawulo yezinsuku eziyisikhombisa kuya kwezingama-30 yokutshala izitshalo kubhontshisi kanye nezinsuku ezinhlanu kuya kweziyisikhombisa zommbila ohambisana nezicelo zasentwasahlobo ze-2,4-D.
Abalimi bangaphinda basebenzise amanani aphakeme angama-2,4-D ekwindla, okungaholela ekulawulweni okuphumelelayo kwe-marestail neminye iminyaka yasebusika, kusho uHager. Kosoya, izicelo zokuthwebula entwasahlobo zingasebenzisa kuphela ipayinti elilodwa elingu-1-D, futhi izinsuku eziyisikhombisa kufanele zidlule ngaphambi kokutshala kungaqala, kusho uHager. Njengoba ukutshala akuyona inkinga ekwindla, abalimi bangakhuphuka amanani we-2,4-D aze afike ku-2,4 ilitha ngehektare ngalinye.
“Uma ufaka u-2,4-D ngesonto noma amabili ngemuva kokuthi ummbila ukhonjwe phakathi ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba, kanti unyaka wobusika awukakaqhamuki ngokugcwele maphakathi no-Okthoba, ungafuna ukwengeza izinsalela ezifana ne-metribuzin [Group 5, Sencor] noma i-chlorimuron [Group 2, Classic], ”kusho uHager.
Uma izithiyo zesimo sezulu ziwela ezinhlelweni zokufaka izicelo, abalimi bangahlala njalo besebenzisa izicelo zohlobo lokuqala lwentwasahlobo esikhundleni salokho, kusho uRon Geis, onguchwepheshe wezokuthuthukiswa kwemakethe yaseCorteva Agriscience.
"Akukho nto embi ngokwenza uhlelo lokuwa," kusho uGeis. “Kungenzeka singakwazi ukwenza uhlelo, kepha ungaluhlehlisela emuva entwasahlobo uma ungakwazi. Okuzuzayo ekwindla kulula ukulawula ukhula ngoba lincane. ”
Umehluko wezindawo ungasebenza, kusho uGeis. E-Iowa, ngokwesibonelo, i-Interstate-80 yindawo yezinguquko.
"Enyakatho ye-I-80, singavamise ukufaka indawo yokuwa phansi ngomsebenzi osalayo ongasinika isikhathi sokutshala esihlanzekile namasonto ambalwa okuvikelwa okuyinsalela ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe isicelo se-postemergence, sicabanga ukuthi yindawo yokungalimi," esho. “Esikushintshile isikhathi.”
Kodwa-ke, kuzodingeka isicelo sokuqala sesibili sangaphambi kwalowo mugqa, ngenxa yokukhula kokhula okungakhuthazwa intwasahlobo efika ngaphambili, usho kanjalo.
Abalimi kudingeka bacabangele ukukhathazeka kwe-carryover lapho bekhetha imikhiqizo eyinsalela, kukhumbuza uHager. Imithi yokubulala ukhula eminingi ayifakwanga ilebula yohlelo lokusebenza lokuwa, ngakho-ke hlola amalebula kuqala. Isibonelo, i-atrazine isetshenziswa kabanzi ngaphambi nangemva kokuvela kommbila, kepha ayifakwanga ilebuli yokufaka isicelo sokuwa. Amanye amakhemikhali okubulala ukhula avunyelwe ukufaka isicelo anezikhathi zokufaka isicelo nemikhawulo yendawo, kusho uHager.
Le nkinga iba nzima lapho abalimi baseMidwestern betshala ubhontshisi ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli eMidwest, kusho uHager. Yize ukutshala kuka-soya kusenesikhathi kungakhuphula amandla okuthola isivuno, ukutshala kusenesikhathi kungenza ukuthi ubhontshisi wesoya uthambekele kakhulu ku-herbicide carryover kunalokhu okutshalwe kamuva, kusho uHager
AKUKHO GUARANTEE
Izinkambu zasentwasahlobo ezingenalo ukhula ezikhiqizwa ukwelashwa kokuwa kungenzeka zingaphumeleli njalo.
"Ukubambezeleka komsebenzi wasentwasahlobo kungavumela amasimu ukuba aluhlaza ngaphambi kokutshala," kusho uHager. Okunye ukubuyela emuva ukuthi unyaka wonyaka wasehlobo onjengezimvu ezivamile zamawundlu kanye ne-smartweed kungavela masinyane kunokuthi ngabe unyaka wobusika wawusekhona.
Izicelo zokuwa ngeke zivimbele ukhula lwekhanda lwaminyaka yonke lwasehlobo njenge-waterhemp, noma.
Kungakho abalimi kumele bakhumbule ubuhle bemithi yokubulala ukhula entwasahlobo, kusho uLance Tarochione, isazi sezolimo namahlathi se-Asgrow / DeKalb. Lokho kwakuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi onyakeni onemvula njengo-2019, lapho imvula enamandla evimbela ukufaka izicelo ngesikhathi esifanele.
"Lowo kwakuwunyaka omuhle ukuba nemikhiqizo eyinsalela yokulahla phansi, njengoba amasimu angenazo izinsalela zokwelapha aphenduka ihlathi," esho.
DANDELION ON STEROIDS
Ukuduma kwezulu akuyona ukuphela kwento esuka entshonalanga iye empumalanga. Abalimi baseMontana nasentshonalanga yeNyakatho Dakota babona into efanayo nangesilebeaf yonyaka wesizini yasebusika.
“Ngiyicabanga njenge-dandelion on steroids,” kusho uBridgette Readel, onguchwepheshe wezokuthuthukiswa kwemakethe yaseCorteva Agriscience. “Ucabanga ukuthi mhlawumbe yidandelion nje, futhi kuzoba lula ukuyilawula nge-clopyralid [Stinger] noma u-2,4-D [womabili ama-herbicides e-Group 4], bese ishesha kakhulu bese ikhipha amakhanda ezimbali amaningi ame ngaphezu kwe umbhede wezitshalo. ”
Kuze kube manje, kunqunyelwe okusanhlamvu nasekulimeni kwezilimo njengodali nophizi basensimini. INardowleaf hawksbeard yavela eSaskatchewan futhi yadlula naseMontana nasentshonalanga yeNyakatho Dakota. UReadel ulindele ukuthi iqhubeke nokufudukela ngasempumalanga kulo nyaka eNyakatho Dakota.
Kuze kube manje, ukubulala ukhula kunomsebenzi olinganiselwe kuwo, usho kanje. Ukwelashwa kwe-Fall kuyindlela yokukhetha, kepha cabanga ngemikhawulo yezitshalo lapho ukhetha ukubulala ukhula, kusho ososayensi bokhula baseNorth Dakota State University (NDSU). Imihlahlandlela ye-NDSU yokwelashwa kokuwa ifaka okulandelayo:
- IGlyphosate + Express (noma iPanoflex) +/- 2,4-D
- I-Glyphosate + Cijela +/- 2,4-D
- IGlyphosate + 2,4-D
- IGlyphosate + dicamba
- IGlyphosate + Valor +/- 2,4-D