Izinqubo zezolimo ezinembayo zibandakanya ukutshala imbewu, ukuchelela, ukuvundisa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ngenjongo yokukhulisa imali etholwa ngumlimi nokunciphisa umthelela wezolimo endaweni kanye kanye. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngokusetshenziswa kwezinqubo ze-PA, njengokunisela ngezinga eliguquguqukayo kanye nokuzwa kude, ekukhiqizeni amazambane.
Ngokusho kwe-International Society of Precision Agriculture, “ukulima okunembayo (i-PA) kuyisu lokuphatha eliqoqa, licubungule futhi lihlaziye idatha yesikhashana, yendawo kanye neyomuntu ngamunye bese ilihlanganisa nolunye ulwazi ukuze kusekelwe izinqumo zokuphatha ngokuvumelana nokuhlukahluka okulinganiselwe kokuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa kwensiza. , ukukhiqiza, izinga, inzuzo kanye nokusimama kokukhiqizwa kwezolimo.”
Ngamanye amazwi, i-PA inikeza ithuba lokwenza into efanele, endaweni efanele, ngesikhathi esifanele nangendlela efanele. Izitshalo ezinenani eliphezulu njengamazambane zibhekwa njengezilungele ukwamukelwa kwe-PA ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu zokufakwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzwela kwesivuno se-tuber yamazambane kanye nekhwalithi yezinqubo zokukhiqiza kanye nezimo zemvelo kwenza ukuphathwa okunembayo kubaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho.
Izinga lokunisela eliguqukayo
Ubuchwepheshe be-variable rate irrigation (VRI) busebenzisa amanzi ngamanani aguquguqukayo kunezinga elilodwa elifanayo ngobude bepivothi emaphakathi. Kunezinyathelo ezimbili zokusebenzisa i-VRI: okokuqala, ngokusekelwe ku-conductivity kagesi yomhlabathi (EC) noma imephu yokuphakama, insimu ihlukaniswe ngezindawo zokuphatha ezahlukene; okwesibili, isistimu isebenzisa inani elithile lamanzi ezindaweni zokuphatha ezihlukene ngokuvula nokuvala imibhobho engayodwana (isilawuli se-nozzle VRI) noma ngokulawula isivinini esinyakazayo se-pivot (i-VRI yokulawula isivinini).
I-VRI ingafaka amanzi ngamanani ahlukene ezitshalweni noma ezitshalweni ezihlukene, ezinhlotsheni zenhlabathi ezihlukene, izindawo ezigeleza kakhulu noma izindawo eziphansi ezijwayele ukuba manzi nokugcwala, kanye nezindawo ezizwela imvelo ngaphakathi kwensimu. Umgomo omkhulu we-VRI ukugwema ukuchelela ngokweqile nangaphansi ukuze kungabikho amanzi amoshwayo futhi kungabikho ukucindezeleka kwamanzi okwenzekayo, kuyilapho isivuno nekhwalithi kugcinwa noma kunyuswa.
Ehlobo lika-2018, senze ucwaningo lokulinganisa izinzuzo zokusebenzisa i-VRI ekukhiqizeni amazambane okuhweba (Russet Burbank) eWisconsin. Sikhethe izinkambu ezimbili eziniselwe nge-nozzle control VRI kanye ne-VRI yokulawula isivinini ngokulandelana.
Emkhakheni ngamunye, bekunomehluko wokuphakama okungamamitha ayi-15 phakathi kwezindawo eziphakeme neziphansi kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokuvuna, sihlole isivuno se-tuber kanye nekhwalithi yendawo eyome kakhulu, indawo emele kakhulu/isilinganiso, kanye nendawo emanzi kakhulu yensimu ngayinye. Ngaphansi kokulawula umlomo wombhobho i-VRI (Umfanekiso 1a), kube nokuncishiswa kwesivuno okuphawulekayo (cishe 140 cwt/a, p<0.05) endaweni emanzi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nendawo evamile. Isivuno esisuka endaweni eyome kakhulu sibe phezulu kancane (cishe 20 cwt/a, p>0.05) kunaleso esisuka endaweni emaphakathi. Ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwesivinini i-VRI (Umfanekiso 1b), awubanga khona umehluko omkhulu wesivuno phakathi kwezindawo ezintathu, nakuba inombolo esendaweni eyome kakhulu yayiphezulu kunalezo ezisezindaweni ezimaphakathi nezimanzi kakhulu.
Idatha yethu iphakamise ukuthi:
- Inzuzo enkulu yokusebenzisa i-VRI ukuthuthukisa isivuno kanye nekhwalithi, ngakho-ke ukwenza ngcono inzuzo endaweni eyi-direst (noma egijima kakhulu) yensimu esengozini yokuchelelwa kancane. I-VRI iyakwazi ukugcina umswakama wenhlabathi ngaphakathi kwendawo yezimpande zezitshalo;
- I-VRI ingasindisa amanzi okunisela futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokunisela endaweni ephansi yensimu evame ukuba manzi noma egcwele. Kodwa-ke nangaphansi kwe-VRI, ukuphatha isivuno samazambane kanye nekhwalithi endaweni ephansi kuseyinselele, njengoba izitshalo zivame ukuba nezinkinga zokubola kanye nokukhubazeka;
- I-VRI iwuhlelo oluthembisayo lokonga amanzi kuyilapho kuthuthukisa inzuzo yamazambane, kodwa ukulungiswa okwengeziwe kuyadingeka ukuze kulawuleke kangcono ezinkambini ezinokuhlukahluka.
Izinzwa kude nokufunda komshini
Ukuze kugcinwe isivuno kanye nenzuzo, abalimi bamazambane kufanele banelise isidingo sezitshalo zokwenza initrogen. Ukuze kuncishiswe ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo nokunciphisa ubungozi bezezimali obuhambisana nokungaqiniseki okungokomthetho okuzungezile i-nitrate emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, abalimi bamazambane badinga amathuluzi amasha okuphatha ukuze abasize basebenzise inani elifanele le-nitrogen ngesikhathi esifanele phakathi nenkathi yokukhula.
Izindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokuqapha isimo se-nitrogen yezitshalo zamazambane ngesikhathi sonyaka zidinga umsebenzi, zidla isikhathi, kwesinye isikhathi ziyadukisa, futhi ziqondene nendawo ethile kuphela ensimini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, awekho amathuluzi atholakala esidlangalaleni akhiqiza amamephu enkundla yonke ukuze abikezele isimo se-nitrogen yezitshalo ephakathi nesizini kanye nesivuno sokuphela kwesizini se-tuber kusetshenziswa isithombe senzwa yokude.
Ukuzwela ukude kuyindlela entsha, efika ngesikhathi, engacekeli phansi futhi ehlanganisa indawo yonke ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinqubo zokuphatha zokukhiqiza izitshalo ngesizini. Inzwa yesilawuli kude ngokuvamile ihlinzeka ngamabhendi ambalwa e-spectral amancane (~ 3-10 nm), angathwebula izici ezinhle zokumunca zemisoco yezitshalo. Kuze kube manje ucwaningo oluningi lubonise ukuthi inzwa ekude ingasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ekubikezeleni amapharamitha/okuguquguqukayo kwezitshalo, njengenkomba yendawo yamaqabunga, i-biomass, ukugxiliswa kwe-foliar N, njll.
Izindlela ezisetshenziswayo ukubikezela/imodeli yezici zezitshalo zigxile kakhulu ekwakheni ukubikezela ama-algorithms phakathi kwamasignali e-spectral nezilinganiso zensimu. Isibikezelo esijwayelekile esiyimodeli yi-vegetation indices (VI), okuyinhlanganisela yezibalo zokubonakala kwamabhendi amabili noma ngaphezulu e-spectral. Isibonelo, inkomba yezitshalo ezihlukile ezijwayelekile (NDVI) isetshenziswe kabanzi ezifundweni zangaphambilini ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwayo okulula ekuqapheni uhlaza oluguqukayo esikalini sesifunda nesomhlaba.
Sifunde ngamamodeli wokufunda emshinini amathathu (isihlahla sesinqumo (i-DT), umshini wokusekela i-vector (SVM) kanye nehlathi elingahleliwe (RF)) elisebenzise i-NDVI ukubikezela isimo se-N kanye nesivuno sokugcina sezinhlobo ezine zamazambane (ama-russet amabili ahlanganisa i-Silverton ne-Lakeview URusset, ama-chippers amabili okuhlanganisa i-Snowden ne-Hodag) ngaphezu kwezinkathi ezimbili ezikhulayo ngo-2018 nango-2019.
Imiphumela yethu yokuqala ikhombise ukuthi i-NDVI inamandla amakhulu okubikezela isimo sezambane N esikhonjiswe yi-petiole NO3-N, isamba seqabunga elingu-N, noma isamba somvini wonke N kanye nesamba sesivuno sokuphela kwesizini (Ithebula 4). Sisebenzise u-R2 osuka ku-0 kuye ku-1 ukuze silinganise ukufaneleka kwamamodeli. Uma iphezulu i-R2, kungcono ukubikezela. Kuthathwa njengesibikezelo esihle kakhulu uma u-R2 ungaphezulu kuka-0.75.
Ngaphansi kokubili kwezinhlelo ze-VRI, izigaxa ezisuka endaweni emanzi kakhulu zazinamandla adonsela phansi akhethekile uma kuqhathaniswa nalawo asuka ezindaweni ezome kakhulu nezimaphakathi, futhi umehluko ngaphansi kwesistimu yokulawula umlomo wombhobho wawubalulekile (Ithebula 1).
Umfanekiso wesi-2 ubonise ukuthi izilimo eziyizigaxa ezivela endaweni emanzi kakhulu yensimu ngayinye zinesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi obuphakeme kakhulu. Ngokuhambisanayo, kwakukhona izehlakalo eziphezulu
inhliziyo engenalutho kuma-tubers avela ezindaweni ezimanzi kakhulu kuzo zombili izinkambu, futhi umehluko wawubalulekile ngaphansi kwesistimu yokulawula isivinini (Ithebula 2).
Phakathi nokugcinwa ngaphansi kuka-48°F, siqaphele izehlakalo eziphakeme zokubola kwezigaxa ezivela ezindaweni ezimanzi kakhulu zazo zombili izinkambu (Umfanekiso 3). Kucatshangwa ukuthi izilimo eziyizigaxa ezitshalwe enhlabathini egcwele amanzi zazikhulise ama-lentil ngaphezulu, okwadala izindawo zokungena eziphelele zamagciwane ensimini nangesikhathi sokugcinwa.
Ukwengeza, sibale ukusebenza kahle kokunisela (IE) kwesistimu ye-VRI yokulawula isivinini (izinombolo ze-VRI yokulawula umlomo wombhobho bezingekho), futhi kwabonisa ukuthi kube nokuthuthuka okukhulu kwe-IE endaweni enemvula kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nendawo evamile inkambu. I-IE endaweni eyome kakhulu yayiphakeme kancane kunesilinganiso (Ithebula 3).
Ngesimo se-nitrogen, ukusebenzisa i-NDVI ukubikezela i-petiole nitrate-N kukhiqize imiphumela engcono kakhulu engu-R2 kuzo zombili izinhlobo zamazambane, uma kuqhathaniswa nesamba samaqabunga aphelele N kanye nesamba somvini wonke N. Ngokubikezela isamba sesivuno, i-DT ne-RF bezingcono kune-SVM, kanye nemiphumela ngo-2019 bezingcono kuno-2018 (Ithebula 4, ngenhla).
Kuze kube manje sithole ukuthi:
- 1) isihlahla sesinqumo kanye nehlathi elingahleliwe lingcono kunomshini wokusekela we-vector wokubikezela kokubili isimo sesizini N kanye nesivuno sokuphela kwesizini samazambane;
- 2) i-petiole nitrate-N ingabikezelwa kangcono kusetshenziswa i-NDVI namamodeli okufunda ngomshini uma kuqhathaniswa nengqikithi engu-N emaqabunga noma imivini. Sizoqinisekisa amamodeli futhi sandise lo msebenzi sisebenzisa idatha yeminyaka eminingi ngezinhlobo eziningi zamazambane.
Umbhali uthanda ukubonga i-Wisconsin Potato and Vegetable Growers Association, uMnyango Wezolimo, Wezohwebo Nokuvikelwa Kwabathengi, i-Wisconsin Fertilizer Research Council, kanye ne-University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences ngokuxhasa ngezimali ucwaningo lwethu.
- U-Yi Wang ungumsizi kaprofesa eMnyangweni Wezokulima eNyuvesi yaseWisconsin-Madison. Uke wawina umklomelo weSpudman's Emerging Leader Award.