Lo mbhalo uvela kufayela le- Ukukhishwa kukaJuni 2021 ka Umtshali Wamazambane.
Utshani bonyaka, njenge-oat yasendle (Avena fatua L.) kanye ne-foxtail (ISetaria spp.), kungaba yinkinga kumazambane. Imithi yokubulala ukhula eminingi efakwe ngaphambi kokuba kuvele amazambane notshani inganikeza ukulawula okuhle kotshani. Ungagijimeli ukwahlulela kulawo makhula, noma kunjalo, uma utshani buba yinkinga ngemuva kokuvela kwamazambane.
Izinkinga ezijulile
Ukuhluma kwe-oat yasendle kuvame ukwehla uma kuphela intwasahlobo epholile / ekuqaleni kwamazinga okushisa ehlobo. Ngakho-ke, ingxube efanelekile yethangi lokubulala ukhula ngaphambi kokuvela kufanele kube yikho konke okudingekayo, akunjalo? Ukhula oluningi emazambane luhluma kumasentimitha amabili aphezulu enhlabathi. Imithi yokubulala ukhula engakaqhamuki nomsebenzi womhlabathi ufakwa kulokho kujula, futhi kuya ngesimo sokwenza, ukuhluma kokhula kuvinjelwe futhi / noma izithombo ziyabulawa ngaphambi kokuvela.
Usayizi wembewu ye-oat yasendle, noma kunjalo, mkhulu kakhulu, okuholela ekugcinweni okukhulu ngokwanele ukuthi kungavela ekujuleni kuye kuma-intshi ayisithupha. Amazinga okushisa apholile kulokho kujula ahlanganiswe nemithi yokubulala ukhula engekho endaweni efanele ngesikhathi esifanele kuholela e-oat yasendle evele ehlobo, yize amazinga okushisa omhlabathi aseduze nenhlabathi eshisa kakhulu ukuthi imbewu yokhula ingaphathwa.
Okubi kakhulu sekwedlule isikhathi kunakuqala
I-foxtail eluhlaza ingahluma kulo lonke ihlobo, ngakho-ke lapho kufika isikhathi sokugxila kwenhlabathi okusalayo kwe-herbicide, kungenzeka "ukuqhuma sekwephuzile". Imithi yokubulala ukhula eseleyo idinga ukuhlala isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukulawula ukhula sekwephuzile, kodwa hhayi isikhathi eside kangangoba iphazamisa izitshalo ezilandela ukufakwa kwamazambane.
I-sandbur yensimu (I-Cenchrus spinifex) futhi ingahluma kuze kube sekupheleni kwehlobo. I-Ditto ye-barnyardgrass (I-Echinochloa crus-galli [L.] U-Beauv.). Noma isengozini yokufiphazwa yizitshalo futhi izitshalo ezihluma sekwedlule isikhathi azinkulu futhi zinamandla njengalezo ezihluma kusenesikhathi, ukulawulwa kwe-barnyardgrass ngemuva kokuvela kungadingeka.
Manje?
Kunezinhlobo ezine kuphela zokubulala ukhula lwamazambane ezinomsebenzi wamaphepha otshanini: i-rimsulfuron (i-Matrix, i-Solida nezinye), i-metribuzin, i-clethodim (i-Select nezinye), ne-izikhxydim (i-Poast, i-Poast Plus nezinye). I-Rimsulfuron ne-metribuzin zingenza ngokugculisayo, kepha zilandela imikhawulo yezitshalo (ikakhulukazi i-sugarbeet), ikakhulukazi ngesicelo sesizini esedlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhawu sangemva kokuvuna (i-PHI) akumele sibe ngaphansi kwezinsuku ezingama-60 nganoma yikuphi.
Ukubukeka kwe- "Dims"
I-Clethodim ne-exxidim, ebizwa ngothando ngokuthi “ama-dims” ososayensi bokhula - abanendlela efanayo yokusebenza njenge- “fops” efana ne-fluazifop-p-butyl - ingasebenza kakhulu ekulawuleni ukhula lotshani oluvele minyaka yonke kumazambane. Lezi zibulala ukhula zilawula utshani kuphela futhi azinawo umsebenzi womhlabathi. Ukuthatha ngokuyinhloko kungamaqabunga, futhi ukumbozwa okuphelele kubalulekile. Bangabulala ngokuthintana futhi nangokuthuthela ngaphakathi nasesitshalweni. Ukulawulwa okuphumelela kakhulu kufinyelelwa ngokusetshenziswa ngaphambi kokutshaliswa lapho utshani buncane (phakathi kwesigaba samaqabunga amabili kuya kwayisithupha). Isicelo kufanele senziwe otshanini obukhulayo, hhayi obucindezelekile. Kanjalo futhi lapho kungenzeka khona, ukuchelela kungadingeka ngaphambi kwesikhathi (kungakapheli isonto elilodwa).
Uhlaza, utshani obuluhlaza basekhaya
Isikhathi sokulawula okuphelele imvamisa isonto elilodwa kuya kwamathathu. Kanjalo, ungadumali uma izitshalo zihlala ziluhlaza phakathi naleso sikhathi. Empeleni “luhlaza okufayo.” Lihlole ngokukhipha iqabunga elisha sha. Isisekelo sizoba nsundu-sifile. Uma sengikushilo lokho, isicelo sesibili kwesinye isikhathi siyadingeka ngalesi sikhathi uma umbala onsundu ungabonakali, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezomile noma uma utshani bukhulu kunesigaba samaqabunga ayisithupha ngesikhathi sokufakwa.
Musa ukuphikisa
Ukusebenza kukaClethodim kanye nezimxxydim kuphansi kakhulu uma i-broadleaf herbicide, efana ne-rimsulfuron, ixubene nethangi noma isetshenziswe kungakapheli usuku olulodwa kufakwe la magciwane otshani. Okubhekiselwa kukho njengokuphikisana - lapho ukulawulwa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula emibili noma ngaphezulu kuhlangene kungaphansi komphumela obulindelekile we-herbicide ngayinye esetshenziswe ngokwahlukana— i-rimsulfuron ingadala ukwehla kwe-photosynthesis nokukhula kokhula lotshani. Umphumela uba ukuncishiswa komsebenzi wokubulala ukhula kokhula. Ngakho-ke, uma womabili ama-herbicides edingeka ekulawuleni ukhula ngemuva kokuvela, ungaxubeki ngamathangi, futhi uqiniseke ukuthi izinhlelo zihlukaniswa usuku olulodwa.
Njalo sebenzisa ama-surfactants nganoma yikuphi kwalokhu okubulala ukhula ngemuva kokuvela. Okucacisiwe ngamanani we-herbicide kanye nama-surfactants kungatholakala kumalebula we-herbicide. Njalo funda bese ulandela imiyalo yelebula.
Melana nokumelana
Lapho usebenzisa imishanguzo yokubulala ukhula njengengxenye yokuphathwa okudidiyelwe okudingekayo ukuvimbela noma ukubambezela ukuthuthuka kwabantu bokhula olungazweli emakhonweni, hlanganisa imithi yokubulala ukhula enezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokusebenza futhi qiniseka ukuthi izindlela ezingaphezu kwesisodwa zomsebenzi zinomsebenzi okhuleni olufanayo. Uma kungenjalo, ngemuva kokuphinda iphutha eminyakeni edlule, isitshalo "esisodwa kwisigidi" esintwini ngokwemvelo simelana nendlela yokusebenza siyasinda, sikhiqize imbewu, futhi sigcine siphethe isibalo sabantu.
Kuyaphawuleka, inani le-oat yasendle elimelene ne "fops" litholakale ePacific Northwest. Kodwa-ke lezi azikhombisanga ukumelana ne-clethodim noma abasebenzisixydim.
Ngendlela, i-rimsulfuron yangemva kokuvela, i-clethodim kanye ne-kingaxydim ingalawula i-quackgrass engapheli lapho isetshenziswa ngaphambi kwesigaba sokukhula kwamaqabunga amane. Izimo kufanele zivume, futhi kungadingeka nesicelo sesibili. Bona amalebula ukuthola eminye imininingwane.
U-Pamela JS Hutchinson ungusosayensi wokhula kanye nochwepheshe wokunwetshwa kwezinhlelo zokutshala amazambane ezinze e-University of Idaho's Aberdeen Research & Extension Center.