Ukuhlwanyela izimbali zasendle ezitshalweni zamazambane kunganciphisa amagciwane athwalwa yi-aphid futhi kunikeze enye indlela yokwenqabela ukufinyelela kuma-insecticide kubalimi. EScotland, kwenziwa izilingo zokuthola ukusebenza kahle kwemicu yezimbali kuma-tramline nase-headlands ukukhuthaza imvelo yezilwane ukwehlisa izinambuzane njengengxenye yecebo le-Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
U-Eric Anderson, isazi sezolimo nesazi samazambane eScotland Agronomy, uhola izivivinyo nelungu lamazambane laseScotland uJim Reid eMilton of Mathers Farm. UJim ungumphathi wamanje wamapulazi we-AHDB Strategic Potato (SPoT) kanti, eno-AHDB, u-Eric, noColin Herron noColin Ross abavela eMcCain Potato, ubheka izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokusimama njengengxenye yephrojekthi yeminyaka emine ye-SpoT.
UJim, okhulisa amahektha angama-80 amazambane embewu, uthe:
“Ukuhweba ngamazambane embewu yaseScotland kuncike kwidumela elihle kakhulu lempilo yamagciwane, kanye nengcindezi yokuncishiswa kokutholakala kwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane, kungaba ngokusebenzisa umthetho noma ukumelana kakhulu nezinambuzane. Kubaluleke kakhulu kunakuqala ukubheka ukuthi singayisebenzisa kanjani i-biology kanye ne-chemistry ehlosiwe ukugcina izifo zisencane. Kukhona ukuntuleka kwendlela ephelele ku-IPM ehlanganisa amathuluzi wendabuko nawesimanje. Ngalezi zivivinyo sihlola izindima zebhayoloji, imvelo kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokuthi singacabanga kanjani kabusha ngokulawulwa kwe-aphid ne-potyvirus ngezinga lokuhweba. ”
Ukuqubuka kwegciwane ezitshalweni zamazambane embewu ka-2019 kushaye iminyaka engu-20 futhi ukuhlolwa kwale sizini kunikeza umbono ofanayo ngonyaka we-2020. Isifo esiyinhloko yiPotvvirus, i-PVY, ikakhulukazi iPVYN uhlobo, kepha i-PLRV nayo inyukile yize isuka endaweni ephansi kakhulu. I-PVYn kubangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu, ngokusho kuka-Eric, kanye nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ye-pyrethroid iyabuyekezwa ngabalawuli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo okusakazeka kwama-pyrethroids kuzobeka engcupheni yokukhetha ukumelana ne-pyrethroid noma ukuzwela okuguqukayo emazingeni wensimu kuma-aphid angahlanganisi. Kukhona nengcindezi eyandayo evela kubathengisi yokuphatha ezemvelo okukhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali.
Kukhuthazwe ngucwaningo eRothamsted ekuhlanganiseni izimbali zasendle zibe yiziqathe zezinhlayiya kanye nomsebenzi kaMatthias Tschumi eSwitzerland ngezinzuzo ezihambisanayo zamazambane, u-Eric ukhombe izinhlobo ezinjenge-cornflower, i-vetch ejwayelekile kanye ne-yarrow esebenza kahle kakhulu ekuheheni izitha zemvelo zezinhlwathi. Lezi yizitshalo ezikhula kancane ezilinganisa ukuphakama okufanayo nezitshalo zamazambane.
EMilton of Mathers, kuboshwe imicu engu-3m ububanzi yale nhlanganisela phakathi kwama-tramline, kwakheka imithombo yokudla yezimbali nendawo yokuhlala yesiphephelo ekhanga kuma-hoverflies, lacewings kanye nama-ladybirds. U-Eric uyanezela:
“Lokhu kuzodala imihubhe eseduze nesivuno, kukhulise ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo ukusuka kude nohlelo lokulima okulodwa ngokuthembela kakhulu ekulawuleni amakhemikhali futhi kube nomthelela omkhulu njengoba izidalwa zisondele kakhulu ezinambuzaneni. Sisalungisa, ukuhlola ukuthi ngabe izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezihlwanyelwe nokuhlwanyela zinomthelela yini enanini lamapheshana nokuthi ngabe ziyazisekela yini izinhlobo zezitha zemvelo ezidingekayo ukulawula izinambuzane zamazambane nokuziletha esitshalweni lapho kudingeka.
“Sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa ukuthi ama-aphid akhethwa ngokukhethekile ekukhanyeni okuvela enhlabathini emibhedeni engenalutho nasezitshalweni ezingomakhelwane ezahlukile. Ukuhlwanyela imixube yezimbali zasendle noma okunye ukusabalalisa isithombo semifino kule mibhede engenalutho kuyizindlela zokunciphisa izizukulwane zakuqala - i-FG2 ne-FG3 - abatshali bezimbewu, ngenani eliphakeme ngokungenakulinganiswa lezindawo zokwehlukanisa phakathi kwezitokisi eziningi zembewu. ”
Ukusebenza kwamapheshana ekukhuliseni ukulawula izinambuzane kuncike kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwawo kwezitshalo. Imvamisa izinto ezingezona izitshalo ezenzelwe ukongiwa kwezinyoni noma impova zingenzi ngasikhathi sinye izinsizakusebenza kubaphathi bezinto eziphilayo. Ucwaningo lukaTschumi lukhombisile ukuthi kulezi zitha ezintathu zemvelo, ama-hoverflies ande kakhulu emapheshaneni uma kuqhathaniswa namazambane azungezile, kuyilapho inani le-lacewings kanye ne-ladybirds nalo likhuphuke kakhulu. U-Eric uxwayisa ukuthi kunesikhathi esilelayo kuze kube yilapho izitha zemvelo zinesikhathi sokwakha izinombolo, ngakho-ke indlela ye-IPM esebenzisa kokubili imvelo namakhemikhali afana no-oyela wamaminerali kuzobaluleka.
Njengengxenye yepulazi le-SPOT le-AHDB, olunye ucwaningo eMilton of Mathers lubandakanya ukubheka ukwenziwa kwe-haulm kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela yokulawula amakhemikhali neyomshini; kanye nokuphathwa kwe-PCN okusimeme. Ngezinhlobo zenhlabathi emaphakathi, izitshalo zamazambane zitshalwa enhlanganisweni yomhlaba ophethwe futhi oqashiwe ohlose ukujikeleza iminyaka eyisikhombisa kuye kweyisishiyagalombili. Abanye ababambisene ekuhlolweni kwezimbali zasendle kufaka phakathi u-Alan Johnson eKings (Frontier) onikeze imbewu eMilton of Mathers, kanye nephrojekthi efanayo ephethwe yiKingdom Farming, ngaseGlenrothes, Fife, kanye noDavid Parish abavela kwiGame and Wildlife Conservation Trust ( I-GWCT).