Muva nje kwethulwe imithetho emisha emithathu epulazini ezweni. Okubaluleke kakhulu kulokhu, uMthetho Wabahwebi Bokukhiqiza kanye Nokuhweba (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020 kuhloswe ngawo ukuqeda ukubuswa kweKomidi Lokumaketha Kwezolimo (APMC) ama-mandis. Phambilini, ngaphansi komthetho we-APMC wango-1964, bonke abalimi kwakudingeka bathengise umkhiqizo wabo kuhulumeni olawulwa nguhulumeni ama-mandis. The arhatiya (middlemen) ezimeni ezinjalo basize abalimi ekuthengiseni izilimo zabo ezinkampanini ezizimele noma ezinhlanganweni zikaHulumeni. Ngenkathi ama-APMC ezoqhubeka nokusebenza, abalimi manje sebezokhetha kabanzi. Kepha enye yezindlela ezinamandla abalimi abangasebenza ngazo njengabaphakathi kwabo kungamasu okuziphilisa nawentuthuko aqoqa abakhiqizi abancane abambalwa babe yizinhlangano ezilawulwa ngabalimi (i-FPOs) ezilawulwa endawo ezihlanganiswa nenxanxathela yamanani ebandakanyayo. Le yindlela eqhubekayo, esekwe ezimakethe lapho izinsiza zabalimi abangamalungu (isibonelo, ubuchwepheshe nobungcweti) zihlanganiswa ukufeza okuningi ngokubambisana kunalokho ezingakwenza ngamunye. Inika amandla amalungu ukuthi abone umsebenzi wabo ngokusebenzisa i-lens yezamabhizinisi futhi inikeze umnotho wesikali, ukumaketha nokusabalalisa okungcono, izimali ezingatshalwa kakhulu namakhono, amandla amakhulu okuxoxisana, ukufinyelela kwisikweletu nomshuwalense, ukwabiwa kwezimpahla nezindleko, amathuba okuthuthukisa amakhono nobuchwepheshe kanye inetha lokuphepha ngezikhathi zosizi. Isibonelo esaziwa kakhulu se-FPO ngesika-Amul (iGujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd), okuyinhlangano yokubambisana yobisi enamalungu angaphezu kuka-XNUMX million abakhiqizi.
Kulesi simodeli, izinkulungwane zamapulazi amancane ahlakazekile ahlanganiswe ngokuhlelekile futhi ahlinzekwa ngezinsizakalo ezisezindaweni eziseduze nokukhiqiza, ukuvuna emva kokumaketha nokumaketha. Lokhu kusiza ukunciphisa izindleko zokuthengiselana emapulazini ngokusondela emaketangeni entengo futhi kwenze kube lula kubalimi abancane ukuthi bathole okokufaka, ubuchwepheshe kanye nemakethe. Iphinde ivule amathuba okusondeza izindawo zokucubungula eziyinhloko eduze kwamasango epulazi futhi isize abakhiqizi ukuqoqa ubuhlakani bemakethe futhi baphathe uchungechunge lwamavelu kangcono ngamathuluzi ezolimo edijithali. I-FPO iyinhlanganisela phakathi kwenkampani yangasese enomkhawulo kanye nomphakathi wokubambisana. Ngakho-ke umuntu angayibona ijabulela izinzuzo zokuphathwa kobuchwepheshe benkampani ezilinganiselwe futhi ithole nezinzuzo zomphakathi obambisanayo.
Amaqembu abakhiqizi babalimi abasafufusa ayindlela ebalulekile yokwakha isikali ngenxa yokuthembela, ukwesekwa kanye namandla abathengi / abathengisi abawanikezayo. Bayakwazi ukufeza umnotho wezinga ngokusebenzisa ingqalasizinda yangemva kokuvuna (ukuqoqwa, ukuhlungwa, izinsiza zokubamba), ukusungulwa kwamayunithi wokucubungula ahlanganisiwe, izinto zokuhamba ezifrijini, amakamelo ezitolo zangaphambi kokupholisa noma amakhaza, ukufaka uphawu, ukufaka ilebula nokupakisha, ukuhlanganisa kanye nokuhamba, ukuhlola ukubeka imibandela kuqala, ukulinganisa, ukulinganisa kanye nokunye ukungenelela. Inzuzo esemqoka ukuxhaswa kwezokumaketha okuxhumanisa abakhiqizi nezimakethe ezijwayelekile ngokuhlanganisa umkhiqizo wezinga lokuziphilisa ungene ezinkampanini zezomnotho ezingakhuphula kakhulu isabelo abalimi abasithola emalini abantu abayikhokhela ukudla kwabo.
Ama-FPO aphethwe futhi aphethwe ngabalimi abanamasheya futhi aphethwe ngabaphathi abangochwepheshe. Bamukela yonke imigomo emihle yemifelandawonye, imikhuba yebhizinisi esebenza kahle yezinkampani futhi bafuna ukubhekana nokungalingani kohlaka lokubambisana. Indlela engcono kakhulu yalezi zinhlangano ukusebenzisa amandla azo ngokuhlanganyela ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwamavelu agcwele ukusuka epulazini kuya kwimfoloko. Isisekelo esiyisisekelo siyefana naleso sendlela egcwele yesitaki. Le ndlela yenza umxhasi, oshukumisayo noma ophromotha abhekele yonke ingxenye yesipiliyoni. Ngamafuphi, kuyindlela yezinhlelo zamapulazi wonke. Kwakha uhlelo lokuxhasa imvelo oluphakanyisayo olukhulisa isivuno samapulazi, linciphise imithelela emibi kwezemvelo futhi lwenyuse ukufinyelela emakethe kanye nemali engenayo yabalimi abasafufusa. Iphinde inikeze ukungenelela okusimeme, kufaka phakathi imikhiqizo kanye nemikhuba eqhubekayo yokunisela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iketanga lenani lisebenzisa indlela yebhizinisi ukuze likwazi ukusebenza.
Ngaphandle kwamandla ahlanganayo akhiqizwa ukusebenzisana kweqembu, izinhlaka zokusekelwa zisiza ekwakheni amandla abakhiqizi ukubhekana nabahlinzeki bokufaka, abathengi, amabhange, abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zobuchwepheshe, ama-ejensi akhuthaza intuthuko kanye noHulumeni (ngamalungelo abo), phakathi kwabanye. Enye yezindima ezibalulekile ze-FPO ukuxhuma abalimi emithonjeni ethembekile futhi engabizi yezimali ohlelweni lokuxhasa ngezimali ukuhlangabezana nezimali zabo zokusebenza, ingqalasizinda, intuthuko nezinye izidingo. Iqoqo lisebenza ekuhleleni kabusha imvelo evumayo ngokuthonya izinqubomgomo kule ndlela. Izinsizakalo zokwelulwa ezitholakala kumaqoqo zihlanganisa ukukhulisa amandla omlimi ngezindlela ezinhle kakhulu zezolimo, izeluleko nge-agronomic, ukuqeqeshwa ngokusetshenziswa komanyolo wezinto eziphilayo, ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane, izindlela zanamuhla zokuvuna kanye nokutholakala kwemikhuba emihle yezemvelo. Impumelelo yokuhlangana okuhlangene ezintweni eziningi: Ukusekelwa kwezobuchwepheshe elikutholayo, isisekelo sayo sesikhungo, ukwakheka komphakathi nobungcweti, ukufinyelela komhlaba namaphethini wokunqampuna amalungu kanye nokuvumelanisa imodeli nesimo sendawo.
Ngokudabukisayo, abalimi abacebile banamathuba amaningi okubamba iqhaza kunalabo abanamalungelo amancane. Imvamisa baba ngamalungu okuphatha futhi basebenzise izinsizakalo kakhulu ngokwabo kunamalungu e-rank-and-file. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuqinisa izinqubo zentando yeningi kulezi zikhungo.
Iningi labagqugquzeli bohlu lwamanani manje selisebenzisa ngempumelelo indlela engaphansi kwemikhakha, evumela ukuthi kugxilwe emikhakheni ethile ethile futhi isize ekuqiniseni uhlelo lwezinto eziphilayo lapho zikwazi ukuguquka zisuke kokuqhathaniswayo ziye kunzuzo yokuncintisana. Leli chungechunge liphinde lisize ukwesekwa kokwakhiwa kwamandla nokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi esimanje kubandakanya ubuchwepheshe obungasiza ekwenzeni ngcono ukubikezela isimo sezulu, ukucubungula ezolimo, ukuhlonza impilo yomhlabathi ukuhlonza izitshalo kanjalo nokulawulwa kokulimala, nokwenza imephu yemithombo yamanzi ekhona. Amanye ala maqoqo asebenzisa amathuluzi edijithali ukwenza ukulima kubhekane nesimo sezulu, kuzwele ukudla okunomsoco futhi kuhlanganise. Abalimi futhi bayakwazi ukufeza ukwanda kwenani, ikhwalithi kanye nokuguquguquka kokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo. Ukuze kufinyelelwe esikalini esingcono, uchungechunge lwamavelu ludinga ukuphatha izinsizakusebenza ezinqunyelwe kanye nokwakha izinhlelo zokukhiqiza ezingasekelwa yizinhlelo zemvelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lo mqondo uhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwemibuso yokuphathwa kwenhlabathi efaka ukusetshenziswa okulingene, okuhlosiwe kukamanyolo wokwenziwa ukukhulisa imali yomlimi nokukhiqiza ngaphandle kokuthinta ikhwalithi yenhlabathi. Ukwesekwa kwezobuchwepheshe kuhambisana nokuphathwa kwamanzi okungcono ngokuvuna amanzi emvula kanye nokugcwalisa kabusha ithebula lamanzi aphansi; ukwethulwa kwemisebenzi yokutshala okuhlukahlukene kanye nemisebenzi ehlukahlukene yezolimo ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokunisela obiza ngemali ephansi nobuncane, obusebenzisekayo kwezentengiselwano futhi obulungele imvelo. Kunesidingo futhi senqubomgomo yokuhlanganisa umhlaba noma yokwandisa ubukhulu bezindawo zokubamba ngokulima ngokuhlanganyela noma ngenye indlela. Ukuhlanganiswa komhlaba ongabanikazi abancane ngokusebenzisa imifelandawonye nakho kungadala ukusebenzisana, ikakhulukazi ukuqashiswa kwemishini emikhulu noma ama-oda wokufaka ngobuningi. Kuyasiza ekwakheni isitoreji esibandayo sokulawula ukulahleka kwangemva kokuvuna. Izimali zokwakha izindawo zokunisela ngenkasa ezincane kanye namamojula wokuqoqa amanzi emvula kuzosiza ekwakheni ingqalasizinda yokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi okusimeme futhi ngalokho kusize umkhiqizo wepulazi.
Ama-FPO kufanele futhi akhuthazwe ukuthi abambe iqhaza emisebenzini yokuthenga esekwe ku-Minimum Support Price. Ingxenyekazi ye-eNAM ingaxhumanisa abalimi nabathengi abakude. Kodwa-ke, umkhawulo omkhulu we-eNAM kanye nezinye izinhlelo ezifanayo kubonakala sengathi iningi labalimi alinabo ubuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa nokungena kwe-inthanethi okuphansi nokunikezwa kukagesi okungahambi kahle. Sidinga izikhungo ezikhiqiza ngamandla zabalimi ezizoba nezimali ezinkulu kanye namandla okubeka engcupheni ukusetha izindawo zokucubungula ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuvimbeleni ukulahleka ngenxa yokubola kokudla. Ngokubambisana nama-FPO, abalimi bangaba ngabaphathi babo futhi i-India ekugcineni ingabona iphupho lokuthi imali yabalimi iphindaphindwe kabili.