Imboni yezolimo ifundeni ngokulawulwa kokhula ngo-2020? Ngabe abalimi bangakusebenzisa kanjani lokho abakufundile ukuhlanganisa izinhlelo zokulawula ukhula ngo-2021 nangaphezulu?
UWillie Vogt, umqondisi omkhulu eFarm Progress, uxoxisane nososayensi ababili be-Extension ukhula ngeFarm Progress Virtual Experience ukubhekana nale mibuzo. Izihambeli zakhe bekunguBryan Young, usosayensi wezokhula wasePurdue University, kanye noKevin Bradley, onguchwepheshe wokulawula ukhula eNyuvesi yaseMissouri.
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UBryan, buyekeza u-2020 ngokubuka kokhula, bese usitshela ukuthi ufunde ini.
Omncane: Kwakungumnyaka onzima. Abanye abantu abangena kuwo ngecebo lokulawula ukhula olunzima njenge-waterhemp bathola ukuthi izinto zashintsha ekuqaleni kukaJuni lapho imikhiqizo ye-dicamba kabhontshisi obekezelela i-dicamba ngokungazelelwe yayingasatholakali. Abanye basebenzise i-diphenyl ether chemistry endala, efana neCobra neFlexstar, kanti abanye bathole ukuthi zingaki izitshalo zamanzi ezingamelana nemithi ye-PPO emasimini abo.
Ngakho-ke, yiziphi izindlela abalimi abanokulawula ukhula ngo-2021?
Omncane: Kusenokuningi ongakhetha kukho ngemuva kokubekeka emuva, okunye okubandakanya izici ezingazweli emithini. I-XtendFlex ibhaliselwe nje i-2021.
Ngiyakholelwa, noma kunjalo, ukuthi ukugxila kwakho akumele kube kuphela ekukhetheni kwe-postemergence. Ukusetshenziswa kwezici nemithi esetshenziswa nazo kungasiza. Kodwa-ke, ama-80% wesamba sakho sokulawula ukhula isikhathi eside kufanele aqhamuke ekubulaweni kokhula okusalile.
Kusho ukuthini konke lokhu ngokwamasu okulawula ukhula ka-2021?
Omncane: Ngikholwa ukuthi kufanele iqale ngemithi yokubulala ukhula esasele yenhlabathi esetshenziswe ngamanani aphelele. Ngemuva kweminyaka yakamuva, sesiqala ukubona ukhula lwenkinga oludala - njenge-cocklebur, velvetleaf kanye ne-giant ragweed - luphinde luvele. Akukona konke nje iPalmer amaranth ne-waterhemp manje. Uma ususukile ku-glyphosate, ungahle futhi ubone ukulawulwa kotshani okungaguquguquki.
Ukwakha isu elizungeze ukhula lwensalela olusebenzayo olusetshenziswe ngamanani aphelele nokubuyela emuva kokubalekela noma ukhula oluyinkinga, ukugqagqana nomunye ukhula olusele lomhlabathi, kufanele kube isu elisebenzayo. Awufuni ukuthembela ekulawuleni ukuphunyuka nokuthunyelwe okukhulu kokhula. Ungaba nenhlanhla bese uyisusa, kepha inhlanhla iphela ngokushesha okukhulu ekuphathweni kokhula.
Uma usebenzisa imikhiqizo yeposi, kubaluleke kangakanani usayizi wokhula?
Omncane: Kubucayi. Ngokwe-2,4-D kanye ne-auxin herbicides, kungcono ukufutha ukhula olungu-2 kuya ku-3-intshi ubude kunokhula olungu-4- kuya ku-6-ubude. Uma ukhula lukhulu ngokwanele ukuthi ulubone usemgwaqeni, kufanele ngabe uyalufutha. Iqiniso ukuthi uma ungababona besemgwaqweni, kungenzeka ukuthi kudlule isikhathi esihle sokufafaza. Udinga ukuhamba amasimu futhi uhlole usayizi wokhula, hhayi nje ukuhlola kusuka evenini.
Ngokuphathelene nokulawulwa kotshani, ngaphandle kwezinsalela, ungahle ufune ukufaka okuthunyelwe kwe-glyphosate kokuvumelana kokulawulwa kotshani.
Ngabe abalimi ngokuzayo bazodinga ukuthatha indlela ephelele futhi bacabangele ukulawulwa kwemishini?
Omncane: Yebo, ukubuyisa umlimi kuyindlela eyodwa, kepha kukhona ezinye izinketho. UJohn Deere wenza i-See and Spray, ethola futhi ifafaze ukhula kuphela. Ezinye izinkampani zisebenza ngezindlela ezifanayo. Abanye babheka amarobhothi okulawula ukhula, kanti abanye baphenya ngomlilo.
Njengamanje, abalimi abaningana basebenzisa izitshalo zokumboza ukusiza ukucindezela ukhula entwasahlobo. Lokho kungahle kungabi inketho kuwo wonke umuntu, kepha labo abangenayo i-no-till abanezitshalo zokumboza babika impumelelo enengqondo. Kuya ngesilinganiso sokuhlwanyela imbewu yesivuno sekhava, ukuthi uyidedela isikhathi esingakanani entwasahlobo nokuthi uyiqeda kanjani.
Kevin, ubuke futhi namadivayisi aqeda imbewu yokhula, akunjalo?
UBradley: Yebo, sisonyakeni wethu wesibili sihlola idivayisi ebizwa nge-Seed Terminator. Sigibela ngemuva kwenhlanganisela futhi kubikwa ukuthi sesivele sikuhlanganisiwe cishe e-100 e-Australia. Kukhona ezinye izinkampani ezenza amadivayisi afanayo. Ngenxa yokwesekwa okuqhamuka kwi-United Soybean Board neqembu lethu lesoya eMissouri, sikwazile ukukuhlola.
Ngokusekelwe kulokho esikubonile kuze kube manje, yenza lokho ithi izokwenza, kugaya ngisho nembewu encane njenge-waterhemp. Umbuzo esisabheke wona ukuthi ingakanani imbewu engahle ingangeni ekuhlanganeni. Isibonelo, nge-waterhemp, kungahle kusatshalaliswe imbewu ekhanda elihlanganayo njengoba i-reel isebenza.
UKevin, ubuye wabheka enye inketho - ukhula olubangela ugesi. Sitshele ngalokho.
UBradley: Impela. Abalimi bemvelo basebenzisa ugesi ukuvimbela ukhula ekukhiqizeni imbewu. Inkampani eseSedalia, Mo., Old School Manufacturing LLC, ikhiqiza iWeed Zapper. Nakulokhu futhi, ngenxa yosizo olukhulu, sayithenga sayibuka ku-2020. Kubonakala sengathi yenza lokho ekushoyo ukuthi iyakwenza. Udinga ukuhlukaniswa kokuphakama kokhula ngaphezu kwesivuno. Ibeka ukhula oluthintayo ngogesi, ibavimbele ekukhiqizeni imbewu. Njengamanje, ibha ebanzi kakhulu abayinikezayo ingamamitha angama-30, ngakho-ke lokho kungaba ngumkhawulo womkhiqizi omkhulu.
Izindlela ezinjengokubhubhisa imbewu noma ukubamba ukhula olude ngogesi ziyingxenye nje yempendulo, akunjalo?
UBradley: Yebo, kuzo zombili lezi zinhloso, inhloso ukumane unciphise ibhange lembewu yokhula ukuya phambili. Usadinga uhlelo lwebanga elide lokulawula ukhula sonke isikhathi sonyaka.
Omncane: Kumele sicabange ngokulawulwa kokhula njengenqubo yesikhathi eside. Abatshali kwesinye isikhathi bake bafune izixazululo ezilula nezishibhile. Kungakho baphendukela emithini yokubulala ukhula. Uma abalimi befuna ukuqhubeka ngokuthembela ekubulaweni kokhula kuya phambili, kuzofanele benze umsebenzi ongcono kakhulu.
Isu elihle lokulawula ukhula lidinga ukudlula unyaka owodwa nje kuphela. Sidinga ukubheka izinto njengokunciphisa ibhange lembewu. Ayikho inhlamvu yesiliva. Ukulawula ukhula ngokuzayo kuzodinga indlela edidiyelwe.