Isebenza kanjani?
Isicelo se-PEF sidala i-electroporation, noma njengoba sithanda ukuyibiza ngokuthi “i-eleaporation”, ukwakha ama-pores kuma-membrane weseli ngokufaka okuphansi kwamandla kanye nomthwalo wokushisa. Indlela yokusebenza yaziwa kudala, kodwa kuphela kule minyaka eyishumi eyedlule ithole ukusetshenziswa okubanzi embonini yokucubungula imifino. Ngezinhlelo ezingama-200 ze-Elea PEF ezisetshenziswa embonini yokudla U-Elea ungumholi wemakethe kulo mkhakha. Lesi sihloko sizobheka kafushane umlando wokusetshenziswa kwe-PEF, sixoxe ngenqubo nezinzuzo zomkhiqizo embonini yamazambane kanye nokwakhiwa kwemishini futhi sinikeze umbono wamathuba okufaka isicelo esizayo.
Izinsuku zokuqala
Njengoba sithole imibiko yesibhakela mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-PEF kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960s, abacwaningi baseJalimane nase-Ukraine babone ukuphazamiseka kwamaseli kanye nokwenza ngcono izinqubo zokuthuthwa kwabantu abaningi kanye nokuhlukanisa ngemva kokusebenzisa amandla ashaywayo. Izinhlobo zokuqala zezikali zezimboni zakhiwe ngeminyaka yawo-1980 ukuze kulungiswe ukudla kwezinhlanzi, kodwa ubuchwepheshe bokushintsha amandla aphezulu abuzange buthuthukiswe ngokwanele. Ubuchwepheshe buthathe igxathu lokubuyela ezifundweni. Ngawo-1990 amanyuvesi ahlanganisa i-Ohio State University, i-Washington State University kanye ne-Berlin University of Technology aqhuba amaphrojekthi axhaswe ngumphakathi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-PEF ukungasebenzi kwe-microbial kanye nokuphazamiseka kwamaseli ezitshalo. Cishe ngo-1997 imibiko yokuqala yomthelela we-PEF kumazambane, izaqathe noma i-sugar beet ishicilelwe ngabakwa-PEF. Angersbach et al or Rastogi et al. Ukulahlekelwa kwe-turgor pressure kanye nokuthambisa kwezicubu kuye kwabonwa kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziya umbhalo.
Okokuqala kusetshenziswa ekucubunguleni amazambane
Ngo-1998 kwasungulwa izinhlelo zokukala lobuchwepheshe ukuze zihlolwe njalo embonini yesitashi samazambane. Ukusetha kokuqala kwasebenzisa amandla adonsela phansi njengendlela yokuthutha, kodwa ngokushesha kube sobala ukuthi ukuthuthwa komkhiqizo okuphoqelekile kuyadingeka futhi kwakhiwa amasondo amanzi kanye namabhande okuthutha. Ukusebenzisa amabhande okucubungula ama-electrodes avundlile noma aqondile kubonise ukusebenza kwenqubo ephezulu, ukwethembeka kanye nokusebenziseka embonini yokudla. Ngo-2006 uhlelo lwesikali lwezimboni lufakiwe ekucutshungulweni kwamaFries aseFrance. Kusukela lapho, i-turn-key, izinhlelo ze-PEF zezimboni zenzelwe DIL, EJalimane.
Izinzuzo zomkhiqizo we-PEF zamaFries aseFrance
Njengoba umfutho wengqamuzana wangaphakathi (i-turgor) ulahlekile, amazambane ayathamba ngemva kokwelashwa kwe-electroporation. Ngokufanayo nangemuva kokushisa, ukuthambisa kwenza kube ngcono ukusika futhi kubangele ukuphapha nokuphuka okuncane. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokushisa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, ukusetshenziswa kwe-PEF kunenombolo yemikhiqizo nezinzuzo zenqubo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla namanzi kuncipha kufika ku-90%. Ekusetshenzisweni kwe-PEF kufakwa amandla ka-0.3 kuya ku-1.5 kJ/kg wamazambane, okubangela ukunyuka kwezinga lokushisa ngaphansi kuka-0.4°C. Ngesikhathi sonyaka ukuqina kwenqubo kushintshwa ngesikhathi sonyaka, kube okuphezulu kakhulu ngama-tubers amasha avela esitshalweni sasensimini noma izinhlobo eziqinile futhi ehle ngasekupheleni kwesizini. Ubude obumaphakathi bomkhiqizo buyanda, futhi ukulahlekelwa isitashi ekucubunguleni imifudlana ye-wtaer ngesikhathi sokusika nokuhlanzwa kuyancishiswa. Lokho kuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwesivuno okungafika ku-1.5 % kumugqa wokucubungula ama-French fries. Ukuphuka kwezicubu ezincane nakho kunciphisa ukumuncwa kwamafutha. Kufinyelelwa ekuncishisweni okungu-10%. Asikho isikhathi sokubamba esidingekayo njengoba umphumela wenkundla kagesi usheshayo futhi ivolumu, futhi, asikho isidingo sokuqalisa noma sokuvala shaqa isikhathi. Namuhla cishe. I-140 Elea PEF izinhlelo zisetshenziswa embonini ye-French Fries enamandla okucubungula ukusuka ku-5 ukuya ku-75 t/h. Amaphrojekthi akamuva akhulisa umthamo wokwelapha aze afike ku-100 t/h emigqeni eyodwa noma ukwelashwa kwezinye izinto ezingavuthiwe ezifana nobhatata noma umdumbula.
Fry the chip ephelele nge-PEF
Ikhwalithi yempahla eluhlaza kanye nokucubungula okulungiselelwe yizici ezibalulekile zamashiphu amazambane nemifino ekhwalithi ephezulu. Ikhwalithi yokusika nokuvumelana yizici ezibalulekile kuleyo mboni, njengoba zonke izinyathelo zokucubungula ezilandelayo kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo kuncike kuzo. I-PEF inciphisa ukuphuka kanye nenani lezinhlawulo nezinhlayiya eziphukile ngesikhathi sokusikwa kwamazambane kanye neminye imifino. Indawo encishisiwe izonciphisa ukulahlekelwa isitashi kanye nezinga lesitashi samahhala endaweni yomkhiqizo. Lokhu kunenzuzo ekuvuneni komkhiqizo kanye nokuthungwa, kanye nokunciphisa ukunamathela komkhiqizo kanye nokuphindwe kabili. Ukugcina isitashi ezincekwini kunomthelela ekwenzeni ngcono ukuthungwa nokushwaqa. Ngokuncishiswa kokulahlekelwa isitashi kanye nokusikwa okuthuthukisiwe okufika ku-2 % ukwanda kwesivuno kungafinyelelwa. Ngenxa yokukhululwa okusheshayo kwamanzi okushisa okuthosa kanye / noma isikhathi singancishiswa. Emigqeni yokuthosa eqhubekayo - kuncike ekumisweni komugqa - ukuncishiswa kwesikhathi sokuthosa kufikela ku-10% kungenzeka, okuthi uma kuhlangene nezinga lokushisa elinciphile lokugcina lokuthosa kubangele ukushisa okuncane kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo eyandisiwe. Ukuthosa inqwaba kufikela ku-15% ukwanda kwamandla kungafinyelelwa ngenxa yokususwa komswakama kalula. Imigqa eminingi yama-chips amazambane ayibandakanyi isinyathelo se-blanching, kodwa lapho i-PEF isetshenziswa ingasiza ukubuyisela imiphumela engathandeki yokucwala ekuthungeni komkhiqizo. Ukuncipha kokulimala kwesiqephu socezu kuzoholela ekuthathweni kukawoyela okuncane, cishe u-10 % womkhiqizo ojwayelekile nezimo zokuthosa. Ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ezifana nezaqathi, i-parsnip, ubhatata noma umdumbula izinzuzo ezifanayo ziyabonwa. I-PEF izothuthukisa ukusika umkhiqizo futhi ivumele ukususwa kwamanzi ngokushesha kanye nokunciphisa ukumuncwa kukawoyela. Ukunciphisa isikhathi sokuthosa nezinga lokushisa kuzovumela umbala womkhiqizo okhanyayo kanye nokubukeka komkhiqizo okungokwemvelo. Okwamanje cishe. Amasistimu we-Elea PEF angu-40 asetshenziswa embonini yokudla okulula, kusukela kumthamo wokwelapha we-1 kuye ku-12 t/h kolayini owodwa noma kufika ku-28 t/h lapho kuhlanganiswa khona imigqa yokusika nokuthosa. Bona ubufakazi bomsebenzisi we-PEF ngezansi.https://www.linkedin.com/embeds/publishingEmbed.html?articleId=9036411920855038759
Ukwakhiwa kwezisetshenziswa nokuhlanganiswa komugqa
Amasistimu aqhubekayo asetshenziselwa ukucubungula amazambane ngezikali zezimboni. Ahlanganisa i-pulse modulator yokunikezwa kwamandla kanye nendawo yokwelapha. Amandla esistimu nokwakheka kwemishini kuncike ekucubunguleni izidingo zamandla. Amandla enkambu kagesi (~1 kV/cm) nokokufaka kwamandla okuthile (0.3 kuya ku-1.5 kJ/kg) kuyinqubo eyinhloko nemingcele yokuklama. Isigaba esiphezulu sesiphambano sichazwa ngamandla enkundla adingekayo. Okokufaka kwamandla athile kanye nokuphumayo kunquma isilinganiso samandla esimaphakathi. Ukuvumela ukuthuthwa komkhiqizo okubushelelezi indawo ephambanayo yegumbi lokwelapha kufanele ibe banzi futhi ingabi nazithiyo, ubukhulu bayo bunquma isilinganiso samandla esiphezulu sesistimu. Amajeneretha wamanje we-pulse asekelwe ku-pulse transformer noma kumklamo we-Marx generator. Amasistimu asekelwe ku-Pulse transformer avumela unyawo oluncane, kodwa amagagasi aphezulu akhawulelwe ku-1 noma 2 kA. Ngenxa yokuphakama kwawo okuphezulu kwamajeneretha e-Marx afinyelela ku-10 kA avumela imigudu yokwelapha ebanzi futhi ancanyelwa kumasistimu okukhipha amandla aphezulu. Ngemikhiqizo eqinile efana nezimpande noma ama-tubers belt systems abonise ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu nokuthembeka ngokuqina okuqhubekayo kokwelashwa phezu kokuhlukahluka komthamo noma usayizi womkhiqizo. Amanzi asetshenziselwa ukudluliswa kwamandla, ukulawula ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa kanye nokunciphisa izidingo zamanzi inqubo ikhwalithi yamanzi igadwa futhi ilawulwa ngokuqhubekayo. Ngokuncika kumthamo wokwelapha kanye nezilinganiso zamandla ejeneretha kokubili ukulungiselelwa kwama-electrode avundlile naqondile kungasetshenziswa. Ngenkathi i-PEF isebenza ivula noma ivalwe, amasistimu amaningi afakwa ngemva kokucwecwa, lapho ukusika noma ukusika i-hydrojet okulandelayo kuzuza ngokuhambisana okuthuthukisiwe nokuqina kommese omude. Ukuze kufakwe isikali esikhudlwana ukufakwa kwe-pulsed generator kanye neyunithi yokwelapha kuyahlukaniswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe unyawo oluncane oluhambisana nolayini wokucubungula wangempela. Ukuze ivumelane nesidingo somkhakha wokudla okulula, u-Elea uklame okuzinikele, okuhlangene konke kuyunithi eyodwa enamandla okwelapha afika ku-9 t/h. Lokhu kuvumela ukusetshenziswa okulula emigqeni yokukhiqiza ekhona.
Ukulawula inqubo nokwenza kahle
Ngokukhula kwe-PEF amandla okufakwa kwembobo usayizi uyakhula futhi ngaphandle kwamanzi nawo ushukela noma isitashi ziyakhululwa. Okungcono kakhulu akuyona indlela efanele lapha, njengoba lokho kungase kubangele okuqinile okungafuneki futhi kukhiphe ukulahlekelwa. Ukuqapha inqubo kanye nokwenza kahle u-Elea uthuthukise amathuluzi amabili, i-PEF Control kanye Sika Ukulawula. Ukulandela umqondo ophakanyiswe ngabakwa-Angersbach et al, Ukulawulwa kwe-PEF kusekelwe esilinganisweni sokuvimbela ukuze kutholwe inani lamaseli avulekile esicutshini kanye nokubikezela ukuthuthukiswa kokuthuthwa kwenqwaba isb ekukhipheni, ekufakweni noma ezinqubweni zokomisa. I-Cut Control ilinganisa ukucindezela kanye namandla okusika ama-tubers ngakho-ke ivumela ukukhethwa kwemingcele efanele yokucubungula kuncike ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezingavuthiwe, inkathi kanye nokusikwa oyifunayo. Kanye namakhasimende ethu kanye nabahlanganisi belayini sisebenze mathupha noma ukufakwa okusekelwe kude namaphrojekthi wokwenza ulayini. Ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwethu lokusebenza lokwesekwa kwamavidiyo inqubo isingathwa kusukela ekuvivinyweni kokuqala esikalini sokuhlola ngokusebenzisa ubufakazi bokuhlolwa kwesimiso endaweni kuya ekufakweni kwesistimu, ukuqaliswa nokusetshenziswa. Ukuxilongwa okukude nokusekelwa kuyatholakala ukuze kusetshenziswe amakhasimende kanye nokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo. Lapho sihlanganisa isistimu ye-PEF kumaphrojekthi we-turnkey noma ukubuyisela, ithimba lethu lochwepheshe liyatholakala ukuze kukhuliswe ukusebenza komugqa okuphelele ngokuthuthukisa okokusebenza kwezinqubo nezilungiselelo kuzo zonke izigaba zomugqa wokukhiqiza.
Imithelela yokusimama
Ngesidingo samandla esingu-approx. 1 kWh ngethani lomkhiqizo, i-PEF iyindlela esebenza kahle kakhulu yokuphazamiseka kweseli. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi e-PEF kusuka ku-30 kuya ku-50 amalitha ngethani lomkhiqizo, kuya emanzini angenayo kanye nokusebenza komkhiqizo. Ukuze unciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi inhlabathi noma isitashi samahhala kufanele sisuswe ngaphambi kokungena ebhavini lokwelapha, ngemva kokwelashwa amanzi enqubo angasetshenziswa kabusha kwezinye izigaba zenqubo. Inani labasebenzisi be-PEF baqalise futhi bashicilela ukuhlaziya kokusimama ngemva kokuqaliswa kwe-PEF. Ngolayini ojwayelekile wama-26t/h ukonga amanzi ebangeni elingu-24.000 m3 nokongiwa kukagesi kwezigidi eziyishumi kWh ngonyaka kuye kwabikwa. Lokho kongiwa kuhlanganiswe nokukhuphuka kwesivuno cishe. 10 t kanye nokuthathwa kukawoyela kwehliswe ngama-950 t ngonyaka kusiza ukonga imali, izinsiza, kanye nemvelo.
Yini elandelayo futhi uzoqulwa kuphi?
Sisebenzisana eduze namakhasimende ukuze sinikeze izixazululo ezenziwe ngomthungi ukuze zivumelane kangcono nezidingo zabo ngabanye. Umsebenzi wamanje ugxile ekuthuthukiseni inqubo nasekuthuthukisweni komkhiqizo omusha wokwakheka kwemikhiqizo emisha noma ukusebenzisa izitshalo ezingasasetshenziswa kangako kuze kube manje. Ukufakwa okuthuthukisiwe kwe-PEF nokuthathwa kombala, ukunambitheka noma izithako ezisebenzayo kuvumela ukuba nomthelela ekunambithekeni nasekubukekeni komkhiqizo. I-PEF ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukuthambisa izicubu kuphela, kodwa ngokwelashwa okushisayo ingasetshenziswa ukulondoloza ukuthungwa kwezicubu ngokuguqulwa kwe-pectin okuhlosiwe. Lokho kuvumela ukunciphisa ukuwohloka kokuthungwa ngesikhathi sokupheka noma ukucwiliswa kwamazambane neminye imifino. Futhi ekugcineni, inhlanganisela ye-PEF kanye ne-vacuum frying noma ukomiswa kwe-microwave vacuum kuvumela ukudala ukwakheka komkhiqizo wenoveli, okumnandi nokuqatha. Nge-PEF Pilot siye sakha uhlelo lwe-R&D oluguquguquka kakhulu olutholakala emakethe.
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