I-calcium idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo. Impilo ye-membrane yamaseli ibaluleke kakhulu ekusindeni nempilo yengqamuzana lesitshalo. Impilo yolwelwesi lwamaseli ingagcinwa kuphela lapho kukhona i-Ca eyanele ezungeze ulwelwesi. I-calcium nayo iyingxenye ebalulekile yodonga lweseli lapho ihlinzeka ngokuxhumana okuzinzile kodwa okubuyiseleka emuva kwe-intra-molecular phakathi kwama-molecule e-pectin, okuholela ekuqineni kodonga lweseli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Ca yaziwa ngokwenza njengehomoni, ngaleyo ndlela ilawula izinqubo eziningi zokukhula nentuthuko ezitshalweni.
I-calcium esezitshalweni ihamba namanzi kanti nezilimo eziyizigaxa ziyashoda ngokwemvelo ku-Ca
Izilimo eziyizigaxa ziyizicubu zesiqu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nengxenye yesiqu esingenhla yesitshalo, izilimo eziyizigaxa zine-Ca encane kakhulu. I-Transpiration yiyona ndlela ehamba phambili yokuthutha i-Ca ezitshalweni. Ngakho-ke i-calcium ihamba kanye namanzi ku-xylem. Izitho ezihamba kancane ezifana nezithelo nezilimo eziyizigaxa ziyaziwa ukuthi zihlushwa ukuntuleka kwe-Ca. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane, njengoba zizungezwe inhlabathi emanzi, zizoba nokuphefumula okuncane kakhulu kunezingxenye ezingaphezulu komhlaba zesitshalo.
Ngenxa yalokho, izilimo eziyizigaxa ezihamba kancane ziqoqa i-calcium encane kakhulu kunamaqabunga nangaphezulu kweziqu zomhlabathi. Ukushoda kwe-Ca ku-tuber tissue kukhulu kakhulu kumazambane atshalwe emhlabathini oyisihlabathi ngenxa yezinga eliphansi kakhulu le-Ca encibilikayo emanzini kule nhlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokunisela nemvula, i-Ca encibilikayo emanzini ivame ukudonswa egqumeni. Ngakho-ke, inhlabathi ezungeze izilimo eziyizigaxa izoqukatha i-Ca encibilikayo ephansi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi maphakathi nasekupheleni kwesizini lapho kuvela izigaxa.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa zithola i-Ca enhlabathini ezungezile ngezimpande ezincane kuma-tubers nama-stolons
Njengoba izilimo eziyizigaxa zizungezwe inhlabathi emanzi, azikwazi ukuncintisana namaqabunga ukuze zimuke amanzi adlulayo. Izigaxa kufanele zithembele ezimpandeni eziseduze kwazo (izimpande ze-tuber, izimpande ze-tuber-stolon junction, kanye nezimpande ze-stolon) ukuze zithuthe amanzi emhlabathini. Njengoba i-Ca ihamba ku-xylem kanye namanzi, lokhu kulandela ukuthi izigaxa zamazambane kufanele zithuthe i-Ca zisuka enhlabathini ziseduze kwazo. Lokho kusho ukuthi kokubili ukubekwa kanye nesikhathi somanyolo we-Ca kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa i-tuber calcium.
Indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuthuthukisa i-tuber calcium ukuletha umanyolo we-Ca oncibilika emanzini ngokuwufaka emgqeni wokunisela.
Njengoba izilimo eziyizigaxa zikhula phakathi nendawo kuya ngasekupheleni kwesizini, kungabaluleka ukufaka i-calcium eyengeziwe ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, okubaluleke kakhulu enhlabathini enesihlabathi. Ngenxa yomthamo omncane wokubamba umswakama, inhlabathi enesihlabathi ivame ukuniselwa ama-2-3 izikhathi ngesonto. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye ephezulu yegquma igezwa ngokuqhubekayo ngenkasa nemvula ngamanzi, ihambisa izakhamzimba ezincibilikayo ezingxenyeni ezingezansi zegquma. Lezi zakhi zomzimba zihlala zifinyeleleka ekukhuleni kwemifino ngohlelo olukhulu lwezimpande. Kodwa-ke, izilimo eziyizigaxa ezikhula ngesikhathi sekwephuzile ngeke zikwazi ukuthola lezi zakhi zomzimba nge-tuber kanye / noma izimpande zestolon.
Ngakho-ke, indlela esebenzayo yokuthuthukisa i-Ca encibilikayo egqumeni ukuletha umanyolo we-calcium owuketshezi ngamanzi okunisela ngesikhathi sokugcwala kwe-tuber. Umanyolo owuketshezi oqukethe i-Ca nitrate noma i-calcium chloride njengomthombo we-Ca uyatholakala. Ezifundweni zethu eziningi eNyuvesi yaseWisconsin, sasebenzisa cishe amakhilogremu angu-100-150 e-calcium ngehektare ngalinye, esetshenziswe ezigabeni ezintathu noma ezine zokuhlukaniswa (izikhawu zamaviki angu-2-3) kusukela esigabeni sokuqala kwe-tuber. Uma umthombo we-Ca uqukethe i-N, efana ne-calcium nitrate, uhlelo lwe-N kufanele lulungiswe ukuze kutholwe inani eliphelele elingu-N lesizini.
Yiziphi izinketho ngaphansi kwezimo ezinganiselwa ngenkasa?
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, izilimo eziyizigaxa zithatha i-calcium enhlabathini ezungezile; ngakho-ke, ukubeka umanyolo we-Ca egqumeni kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuthuthukisa ukumuncwa kwe-calcium nge-tuber. Uma usebenzisa i-Ca ngemishini yokuchelela akuyona inketho, kungcono ukufaka i-calcium ngesikhathi sokugcina sokukhuphuka, ukuxuba umkhiqizo emhlabathini. Emhlabathini oyisihlabathi, ngenxa yamandla aphezulu okukhipha i-calcium encibilikayo ukusuka phezulu kwegquma, kungase kube ngcono ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo encibilika kancane njengegypsum. Emhlabathini osindayo, imikhiqizo encibilikayo njenge-granular Ca nitrate ingafakwa egqumeni.
Singazisebenzisa yini izivivinyo zenhlabathi njengesiqondiso sokunquma izinga likamanyolo we-Ca?
Ezifundweni zethu, amazambane aphendule kahle ekusetshenzisweni kwe-Ca encibilikayo ngezikhathi ezithile etshalwe enhlabathini ene-calcium eshintshwayo engu-300-1300 ppm. Lokhu kufinyelela ku-600-2600 lbs we-Ca eshintshwayo ngehektare. Kulolu hlu olubanzi, kungabonakala ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwenhlabathi akusona isilinganiso esithembekile sokuthola izidingo ze-tuber ze-calcium. Kubonakala sengathi i-calcium eningi yenhlabathi ayincibiliki kalula emanzini ngakho-ke ayitholakali ku-tuber. Kunjalo, ukuphakama kokuhlolwa kwenhlabathi i-Ca, kuba ngcono ekuthatheni kwe-tuber calcium. Ukwengeza, i-calcium njengengxenye yengqikithi yokugcwala komhlabathi ibalulekile. Umhlabathi omuhle kufanele uqukathe okungenani u-60% Ca wesamba sezisekelo (Ca+Mg+K).
I-Ca ingathonya inombolo ye-stem, isethi ye-tuber kanye nosayizi
Ngokuvamile, ukwanda kwenhlabathi ye-Ca kubangela ukuncipha kwezinombolo ze-stem, okuguqulela ekubeni izigaxa ezimbalwa kodwa ezinkulu. Lokhu kuzoncika ekuhlolweni kwe-calcium yomhlabathi. Uma ukuhlolwa kwenhlabathi kukhombisa ukuthi inhlabathi isivele iphezulu i-Ca, lo mphumela ungase ungabi mkhulu kangako.
Yiliphi izinga elifunekayo le-calcium kuzicubu ze-tuber esibhekise kuzo?
I-Tuber calcium concentration iyisici sofuzo futhi iyahlukahluka phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo. Ngokuvamile, izinhlobo ze-russet zivame ukuba ne-tuber Ca concentration ephakeme kunezinhlobo zama-chip. Kodwa-ke, zonke izinhlobo zisabela kahle ekuvundiseni kwe-calcium ngezikhathi ezithile. Ezitshalweni eziningi, ukugcwala kwe-calcium okungaba ngu-200 ppm esicutshini se-tuber yangaphakathi kuthathwa njengokufiselekayo.
Yiziphi izinzuzo zohlelo lwe-Ca?
- Ukwehla kokubola kwesitoreji
- Ukuncipha kwezigameko zokukhubazeka kwangaphakathi, kufaka phakathi inhliziyo engenalutho, izindawo ezinsundu, ukulimazeka kwendawo emnyama
- Ukwehla komthelela wokushisa nengcindezi ebandayo esitshalweni futhi kwehlise izehlakalo zokushisa kwangaphakathi kwe-necrosis ye-tuber
- Ikhwalithi yesiqephu sembewu ethuthukisiwe kanye nempilo yokuhluma (isitshalo esiqinile). Ihlumela elikhulayo elisuka kusigaxa sembewu lithola u-Ca ekuqaleni (ngaphambi kokuba kukhule izimpande) kusishubhu sembewu. Uma i-seed tuber ishoda ku-Ca, ichopho lehlumela lingalimala, okuholela ekukhuleni kwamagatsha aseceleni futhi kuholele ekwandeni kwesibalo sesiqu. Lokhu kuzoholela ekwandeni kwesethi ye-tuber kanye nokunciphisa usayizi we-tuber.