Ngo-Ephreli 2021 sabhekana nezimo ezibandayo ezomile ezingakaze zibonwe eminyakeni ethile edlule.
Ukuthuthela enyangeni kaMeyi izwe eliningi selitholile, noma selizothola, ezinye izimvula ezidingeka kakhulu kanye nokwanda kwamazinga okushisa abandayo, noma ngabe kuhlala isikhashana. Ukulandela izimo ezibandayo zokoma ngaso sonke isigamu sokuqala sentwasahlobo lokhu kungadala ezinye izinkinga. Izitshalo ebezitshalwe phambilini zingase zikulungele ukuqhekeka ngaphezu kwenhlabathi.
Intwasahlobo ebandayo izithinta kanjani izinqumo zokuphathwa kwezitshalo zamazambane?
I-Rhizoctonia solani kuzoba yingozi ukusibhekela ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kwesizini. Amahlumela aqhamukayo angahlaselwa bese kuthi kamuva - isisekelo sesiqu sizoba sengozini. Izimpawu zingavela njengamahlumela amnyama, okwenza amahlumela wesibili akhule - nawo angatheleleka. Amahlumela angeke avele ngaphansi kokuhlaselwa okunzima.
Izindlela zokulawula iRhizoctonia ezitshalweni zamazambane ngemuva kwentwasahlobo ebandayo:
Ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali kweRhizoctonia ezitshalweni zamazambane
Izinketho zamakhemikhali zamanje zitholakala njengezindlela zokwelashwa zokuzivikela kuzo I-Rhizoctonia solani kukhona i-flutolonil, i-azoxystrobin, i-fludioxonil ne-fluxapyroxad. Kodwa-ke kukhona nokusebenza okusha sha emkhathizwe okubandakanya izindlela zebhayoloji kanye nezinketho zamakhemikhali.
Izinketho ezingezona ezamakhemikhali kanye ne-IPM zokulawula iRhizoctonia ezitshalweni zamazambane
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-biological agents kuyanda ngesivinini futhi kwaziwa njengenye indlela engahle ivikele izitshalo kwi-pathogen.
Ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo okusetshenziswe njengengxenye yecebo lokutshala le-IPM lamazambane embewu manje sekucatshangelwa kokunye ukulawulwa kwe I-Rhizoctonia solani. Amagciwane enhlabathi avela ngokwemvelo njengezinhlobo ezithile zePseudomonas sp asetshenziswa kumkhakha wezinto eziphilayo. Le ndlela ehlukile inikela ngezinga elifanele lomsebenzi wokuvimbela futhi yamukelwa ukunciphisa kwe I-Rhizoctonia solani embewu amazambane. Izinkampani eziningi zezolimo manje sezibheka le ndlela yezinto eziphilayo.
Ukusetshenziswa kokuvikelwa kwamagciwane, isibonelo I-Bacillus subtilis, sezivele zihlolwa zibhekwa njengenye indlela ehlukile yokulawula lesi sifo. Ezinye izinketho zendlela edidiyelwe yokuphathwa kwezinambuzane zifaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zamanoveli, nezinye izindlela ze-biofumigation.
I-Rhizoctonia kuzitshalo zamazambane - ifayela leqiniso:
I-Rhizoctonia solani iyimbewu ye-fungal pathogen ethwalwa yinhlabathi etholakala ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo, kufaka phakathi amazambane, emhlabeni jikelele. Imbewu enegciwane kanye ne-inoculum esevele ikhona emhlabathini yizimbangela ezinkulu zokutheleleka.
Izimpawu zeRhizoctonia ezitshalweni zamazambane
Lesi sifo sidala ukukhubazeka okuningi njenge-stolon kanye ne-stem cankers; kodwa-ke ukukhubazeka kokuqeda isikhumba okufana "nesikhafu esimnyama" okubangelwe yi-sclerotia, izikhubekiso zesitayela "se-elephant fihla", ukuqhekeka nokukhubazeka kwamatayitela nakho kubhalwe kahle. I-Rhizoctonia solani nayo ingadala ukulahleka kwesivuno okufika kuma-30% okubangelwa ukunciphisa umzimba ngenkathi kugcinwa.
Rhizoctonia namazambane - umjikelezo wempilo
Ukuphila kwalesi sifo kukhulise intshisekelo nokukhathazeka maqondana nemikhuba yokulima. I-pathogen overwinters njenge-sclerotia ne-mycelium ezilwaneni eziyizigaxa ezinegciwane, kanye nezinsalela zezitshalo nenhlabathi esivele ithelelekile.
Yiziphi izimo ezithanda iRhizoctonia ezitshalweni zamazambane?
Ucwaningo luveze ukuthi kunezinto eziningi ezinomthelela ekuphindaphindeni nasekutheleleni kwizilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane:
Temperature
Amazambane avame ukutshalwa emhlabathini obandayo lapha e-UK futhi akhule kancane. I-Rhizoctonia yisifo sezitshalo ezincane ezingavuthiwe futhi singalimaza kakhulu emhlabathini ophakathi kuka-16 - 23 ° C e-UK, sinciphise ubudlova njengoba inhlabathi ifudumala. Uma isitshalo sithatha isikhathi eside ukusungula, kungaba sengozini yokutheleleka ngeRhizoctonia.
umswakama I-Rhizoctonia ithanda izimo ezomile ezibandayo.
Uhlobo lomhlabathi Inhlabathi yeSandier enezimbobo eziningi nemifantu inganikeza isiteshi se-pathogen ukuthi sihambe kakhulu.
Ukujula kokutshala Tshala ngokujula okuphelele uma utshala ujule kakhulu isitshalo singabekeka phambili ekuthelelekeni - tshala futhi kungajulile kunengozi yokutshala izilimo eziyizigaxa.
AmaNematode Kunobufakazi obukhulayo bokuthi ukutheleleka kungabangelwa izitshalo njengokhula njengamanye ama-nematodes. Izinhlobo ezithile zama-nematode ama-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) atholakele ukwenza lula ukutheleleka kwesibili ngamagciwane efungal ngokubangelwa ukulimala kwe-nematode ezimpandeni zesitshalo esincane.
Izindlela zokuphatha iRhizoctonia ezitshalweni zamazambane
Ukwelashwa kwembewu kubhekwe isikhathi eside njengendlela engcono yokulawula lesi sifo. Kodwa-ke ngokuhoxiswa kwezinto eziningi ezisebenzayo ezisetshenziselwa ukuvikela izilimo eziyizigaxa lapho kutshalwa, kanye nalapho kugcinwa khona; manje sekuya ngokuya kubalulekile ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwecebo elihlanganisiwe lokuphathwa kwezinambuzane ukunciphisa izingozi.
- Lapho kunokwenzeka khetha okuhlukahlukene okuxhunywe kusethi yesikhumba esisheshayo.
- Hlola amazinga e-inoculum enhlabathini ngokuhlola ubukhona be-inoculum kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezithwalwa ngumhlabathi ezibandakanya i-PCN nezinye izinhlobo ze-nematode.
- Cabanga ngokwelashwa kwenhlabathi noma emseleni (ngamakhemikhali noma ngokwebhayoloji) lapho kudingeka khona
- Khetha imbewu ehloliwe, eqinisekisiwe futhi ehlanzekile
- Tshala emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kwe-8 ° C ukusheshisa ukuvela nokunciphisa ubungozi be-stem canker
- IDol not dump kuvunwe izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinamasimu amazambane esikhathini esizayo njengoba zingaba yimithombo ye-inoculum.
- Phatha ukujikeleza - wandise ukujikeleza lapho kungenzeka khona ukunciphisa ukwakheka kwe-pathogen enhlabathini
Ngeminye imininingwane, bheka i-AHDB webinar eqopha noDkt Matt Back, eHarper Adams University, e-UK; esibonga yena ngegalelo lakhe kulesi sihloko: