I-Colorado potato beetle iyisilokazane esikhulu eNyakatho Melika esinganciphisa isivuno samazambane ngo-30-50% uma singalawulwa. Ukulawula bekulokhu kuncike kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane, kodwa ukwehluleka kokulawula amakhemikhali ngokumelene ne-Colorado potato beetle kubikwe ezinhlotsheni eziningi ezinkulu zezibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa.
Kusukela ngawo-1980, besazi ukuthi iSolanum chacoense, uhlobo lwasendle oluvela e-Argentina, lwalumelana kakhulu ne-Colorado potato beetle. Abafuyi base-US naseCanada bazamile ukuzalanisa izinhlobo ezimelana ne-betle, kodwa kube nzima ukudlulisela ukumelana okunamandla esikubona ezihlotsheni zasendle ezinhlotsheni zezentengiselwano.
I-Michigan State University ilandele ezinyathelweni zabacwaningi bamazambane bangaphambilini futhi ibilokhu isebenza kule nselele isebenzisa amathuluzi ocwaningo alungiselelwe amazambane iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi, njenge-genomics kanye nokuhlela izakhi zofuzo. Ukuhlanganisa la mathuluzi nesu elisha lokuzalanisa elenza kube lula ukuzalanisa amazambane kusivumele ukuthi senze intuthuko ebeka izinhlobo ezimelana namabhungane eduze.
Izihlobo zamazambane asendle ngokwemvelo zenza izakhi zazo zokubulala izinambuzane ukuze zivimbele izinambuzane ezifana ne-Colorado potato beetle. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zasendle zikhiqiza izinhlobo ezihlukile zalezi zakhi ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-glycoalkaloids. Ezinye zisebenza kahle kakhulu kangangokuthi zibangela ukufa kwezibungu ze-Colorado potato beetle futhi zinciphisa kakhulu ukudla kwezinambuzane ezindala.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Glycoalkaloid emaqabungeni amazambane kunenzuzo ekuvimbeleni izimbungulu ezilambile, kodwa ukudla inani elikhulu lama-glycoalkaloid kungabangela imiphumela emibi empilweni yabantu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, uSolwazi uDavid Douches kanye nomfundi ophothule iziqu uNatalie Kaiser eMichigan State University basebenza ukudala izinhlobo zamazambane ezikhiqiza i-glycoalkaloid enamandla ebizwa ngokuthi i-leptine kuphela emaqabungeni amazambane.
Ngokuqhathanisa iphrofayili yamakhemikhali yamakhulu amazambane ngamanye nokumelana kwawo ne-Colorado potato beetle ensimini, uKaiser uphinde wathola izimpawu zamakhemikhali ezingabikezela ukusebenza kwensimu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abafuyi bangakhetha amazambane amelana namagciwane ngesilinganiso esilula samakhemikhali esikhundleni sokwenza isivivinyo sensimu.
Abacwaningi bazame ukwethula ukukhiqizwa kwama-leptine glycoalkaloid anamandla ezitshalweni zamazambane ngaphambili futhi bahlangabezana nezingqinamba eziningana. Okokuqala, kunezakhi zofuzo eziningi ezilawula izinhlobo namanani ama-glycoalkaloid azokhiqizwa yinoma yiluphi uhlobo lwamazambane. Ukuthola inhlanganisela eqondile yezakhi zofuzo kubalulekile. Ukuze kulandelwe kangcono bonke abadlali bezakhi zofuzo, ilebhu yaseDouches yahlela i-genome yonke yala mazambane asendle amelana ne-Colorado potato beetle kanye nalawo asengozini yokuhlaselwa yizinambuzane. UKaiser wabe esebona izinguquko ezibalulekile ezingeni le-DNA phakathi kwamazambane achaza umehluko kuphrofayili yawo yamakhemikhali kanye nokwenzeka kwe-Colorado potato beetle.
Manje njengoba sesiyazi uhlu lwezakhi zofuzo ezidingekayo ukuze isitshalo samazambane simelane nezifo, inselele elandelayo ukudlulisela zonke izakhi zofuzo zibe uhlobo lwamazambane olunezinye izici ezinhle, njengokuthela okuphezulu kanye nokubukeka kwe-tuber okufiselekayo, ngokuhlanganisa impova. Le nqubo iyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yokuthi izinhlobo zamazambane zinamakhophi amane ezakhi zofuzo ngasinye. Ukuze izinto zibe nzima kakhulu, ikhophi ngayinye kwezine ingaba uhlobo oluhlukile lwezakhi zofuzo. Kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amakhophi amane ezakhi zofuzo esinesithakazelo kuzo yikhophi efiselekayo edingekayo ukuze kumelane nezifo.
Isu elilodwa lokunqoba le nkinga ukusebenza ngamazambane ngokwemvelo anamakhophi amabili kuphela esakhi ngasinye, aziwa ngokuthi amazambane e-diploid. Izihlobo eziningi zamazambane asendle, okuhlanganisa nezinhlobo ze-Colorado potato beetle ezimelana nezinambuzane ezikhiqiza ama-leptine, zingama-diploid. Ngokuzivundisa, uKaiser ukwazile ukuthuthukisa imigqa ye-diploid ezalanayo enokumelana okunamandla ne-Colorado potato beetle. Le migqa ye-diploid ezalanayo yenza inqubo yokuzala ibe lula ngoba izici zizalana ngempela, njengabazali ababili ku-corn hybrid. Singakwazi ukulandelela kalula ukuthi izakhi zofuzo ezithinta ukumelana nezinambuzane zizuzwa kanjani ngoba siyazi ikhophi yezakhi zofuzo ngayinye ezizoyidlulisela enzalweni yazo.
Ngokujabulisayo, lezi yizinhlobo zokuqala zokuzalanisa ezikhethiwe ukuze kube nophawu oluthile lokumelana namazambane! Sidlule kulezi zinhlobo siye ezinhlotsheni zethu ezinhle kakhulu zokuzalanisa. Ngo-2021, ithimba le-MSU lizohlola inzalo yalezi zinhlobo zokuzalanisa ensimini futhi lizobheka ukuthola abantu abanezimpawu ezinhle ze-tuber ezihlanganiswe nokumelana namagciwane. Sisebenza ngezinhlobo zokuzalanisa, singaqala futhi ukuhlanganisa ukumelana namagciwane nezinye izici, njengokumelana nezifo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulesi simiso sezakhi zofuzo esilula, ilebhu yaseDouches isebenzisa amathuluzi esimanje ofuzo njengokuhlelwa kwezakhi zofuzo. UKaiser usebenzisa ukuhlela kwezakhi zofuzo ukuvala izakhi zofuzo ngokukhetha, kungaba ngesinye ngesikhathi noma ngokuhlanganiswa, ukuze anqume ukuthi ziyadingeka yini ekuvikelweni kwezitshalo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi le ndlela iwukuvala izakhi zofuzo ezitholakala ngokwemvelo kumazambane futhi azikho izakhi zofuzo zangaphandle ezifakwayo.
Ngenxa yokuthi i-Colorado potato beetle yaziwa ngokunqoba ngokushesha ngisho nezibulala-zinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu, uDouches uncoma ukuthi lokhu kumelana nezitshalo ezihlala kuyo kusetshenziswe ohlelweni lwe-IPM ukuze kwandiswe impilo yaleli thuluzi eliwusizo.
— UDave Douches, Ph.D., unguprofesa eMnyangweni Wezitshalo, Inhlabathi kanye Nesayensi Yezimila Ezincane eMichigan State University. Uhole uhlelo lokuzalisa amazambane kanye nofuzo lwe-MSU iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30. UNatalie Kaiser ungumfundi we-Ph.D. eMnyangweni Wezitshalo, Inhlabathi kanye Nesayensi Yezimila Ezincane we-MSU ofunda ngokuzalisa amazambane kanye nofuzo.
