"Ezinye zezinhlobo zezitshalo esizikhethayo, ama-exudates azo acindezela amanye amagciwane kumazambane ethu,"
kusho uPerry, ekhomba amazambane afa ngaphambi kwesikhathi noma i-Verticillium wilt, ekwazi ukungena ezimpandeni zesitshalo ngomonakalo ovela ezimpandeni ze-lesion nematodes. Eminyakeni emibili edlule, ukufa kwamazambane kusenesikhathi kube yinkinga encane epulazini.
Akukho okusha mayelana nezolimo ezivuselelayo; empeleni, indala njengokulima ngokwakho. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwagxiliswa ekukhanyeni futhi kwaba ngundabamlonyeni osetshenziswa izinkampani zokudla ezithembisa esidlangalaleni ukuthi zizothatha imikhuba yazo. Enye yezisekelo ze-regenerative ag movement ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo zokumboza. Kodwa abaningi bathi izitshalo zokuvala zisebenza kuphela ezinhlelweni zokungalimi. Ukukhipha i-tillage ekukhiqizeni amazambane kuyinto enzima, nokho, futhi kushiya abakhiqizi bamazambane abaningi bezibuza ukuthi izitshalo zokumboza ziwufanele yini umbango.
NgoJuni odlule, isikhondlakhondla esikhiqiza amazambane iMcCain Foods samemezela umgomo wokuthuthukisa izindlela zezolimo ezivuselelayo ku-100% wamahektare amazambane ngo-2030. ukulima amazambane, ukugcinwa kanye nokuthutha ngama-25% ngo-2030, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngo-15% ngo-2025 ezifundeni ezinamanzi.
Le nkampani ihlela ukugxila ezimisweni eziyisithupha ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa ukuqaliswa kwezitshalo zokumboza, ukuphazamiseka okuncane kwenhlabathi, ukuthuthukisa ukuhlukahluka kwezitshalo, ukwenza ngcono ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi nokunciphisa umthelela wamakhemikhali ezolimo, ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwepulazi, nokuhlanganiswa kwemfuyo nezinto eziphilayo. Isiqalo esihle kubalimi abaningi kuzoba umgomo wokuqala obalulekile, ukuqaliswa kwezitshalo zokumboza.
Ku-webinar yakamuva, uScott Gillespie, umeluleki ozimele wezolimo ovuselelayo wePlants Dig Soil Consulting eCanada, uchaze izinzuzo zokwengeza izitshalo zokumboza ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza amazambane.
"Amasistimu amaningi awafaki amazambane njengenketho ngoba kugxilwe ekunciphiseni noma ekuqedeni ukulima," kusho yena. “Kukwenza kube nzima ukuzama uma utshelwa ukuthi ukulima kucekela phansi wonke umsebenzi ozama ukuwenza.”
Kodwa izitshalo zokumboza zizodwa zisangeza izinzuzo. Banganciphisa isidingo semithi yokubulala ukhula kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane kuyilapho bethuthukisa isivuno ngokuthuthukisa impilo yomhlabathi, esho. Angakwazi futhi ukuvimbela ukuguguleka komhlabathi futhi alondoloze umswakama wenhlabathi. Esikhathini eside, zisiza ukwakha izinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi kanye namandla okubamba amanzi.
“Izinto eziphilayo zingabonakala zakha ngokushesha emhlabathini, kodwa ukuzinza kwazo kuthatha iminyaka eminingi futhi kuthatha imijikelezo eminingi yokukhula nokubola,” esho. "Lokhu kuzosiza isamba samanzi nezakhamzimba ongakwazi ukuzibamba emhlabathini wakho." “Lokhu ngeke kukukhokhele ngokuqondile,” exwayisa. "Kodwa uma uthola inkokhelo ngezinzuzo zesikhathi esifushane nesimaphakathi, uzokwakha izisekelo zesikhathi eside."
Ukuze ashaje umhlabathi kakhulu, uGillespie usikisela ukutshala isilimo somquba oluhlaza esingagawulwa kamuva sifakwe enhlabathini. Le ndlela ayinakwenzeka kuzo zonke izifunda, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinezikhathi zokukhula ezimfushane, noma kunjalo. Kodwa lapho belingana khona, izitshalo zomquba oluhlaza ezifana nesinaphi zingacindezela izifo, ikakhulukazi lezo ezise-Early Die complex, esho.
“EPacific eNyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-United States, (abalimi) bangenza lo msebenzi ngokwenza umquba oluhlaza ngemva kokuvunwa kukakolweni wasebusika, kodwa banenkathi ende yokukhula,” esho. "Kufakazelwe ukuthi udinga i-biomass enkulu ukwenza lo msebenzi." Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nendlela yokuhlanganisa lwesinaphi njengomanyolo oluhlaza, u-Gillespie ukhomba umsebenzi ka-Andy McGuire wase-Washington State University. "Ukucabanga kwakhe kube nomthelela endleleni engihlanganisa ngayo izitshalo zokumboza ekukhiqizeni amazambane," kusho uGillespie.
Ngokwenza
Kakade, kukhona abalimi bamazambane abenza izitshalo zokumboza zisebenze. U-Harold Perry utshala i-Russet Burbank kanye namazambane aqoshiwe kumahektare angu-1,500 e-Alberta, eCanada. Uthe waqala ukukhiqiza izitshalo zokumboza epulazini lakhe eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule, kodwa walulungisa ngempela uhlelo eminyakeni emihlanu edlule. Ekuqaleni, inhloso kwakuwukumboza umhlabathi, njengoba ipulazi lakhe lisesifundeni esaziwa ngomoya onamandla. Wayenezinkinga ngomthamo wokubamba amanzi kanye nokuhlunga kwamanzi, kanye nezinambuzane namagciwane. Ukwengeza izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo kwengeza ukuhlukahluka kubhayoloji yomhlabathi. uthe, okubuye kuyenze ibe nempilo futhi iqine.
Ekwindla, utshala ingxube yokusanhlamvu kwasebusika, okuhlanganisa ukolweni wasebusika, i-fall rye, i-pea yasebusika yase-Austrian kanye ne-oilseed radish. Ngezinye izikhathi uphonsa i-clover, i-alfalfa, i-flax kanye ne-buckwheat futhi, kuye ngobude benkathi yokukhula esele njengoba ingase ingaqali ngokwanele ukwenza izinzuzo zezempilo zomhlabathi. Izinhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo eziningi eziqala ngoSepthemba … lapho isizini iba mfishane, ingxube iba ngaphansi kwezinhlobonhlobo. Kufanele unamathele ezitshalweni ezizokhula ngokwanele ukuze kuzuze isayensi yezinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi.
"Ezinye zezinhlobo esizikhethayo, ama-exudates azo empeleni acindezela amanye amagciwane amazambane ethu," kusho uPerry, ekhomba amazambane afa ngaphambi kwesikhathi noma i-Verticillium wilt, ekwazi ukungena ezimpandeni zezitshalo ngomonakalo ovela ezimpandeni ze-lesion nematode. Eminyakeni emibili edlule, ukufa kwamazambane kusenesikhathi kube yinkinga encane epulazini.
Ngentwasahlobo, uPerry usebenzisa i-power hiller, efaka isitshalo sekhava emhlabathini, elandelwa i-hill shaper. Isistimu ayihlali iphelele, nokho. "Uma unodoti omningi noma ukhule kakhulu, i-power hiller ayisebenzi kahle futhi abatshali abakwazi ukutshala kuyo," esho, enezela ukuthi utshala cishe amakhilogremu angu-15-25 wezitshalo zembewu yasebusika ihektare ngalinye. , kanye namanye amakhilogremu angu-30 ezitshalo zonyaka ihektare ngalinye.
U-Perry wengeza izwi lokuxwayisa kulabo ababheke ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ukuvala izitshalo. “Ngingakhetha izinhlobo ezingangenisi izifo noma izinambuzane ezifana namazambane akho,” esho.
Nokho, kuyena, izitshalo zokumboza azinangqondo. Zivikela inhlabathi yakhe ekugugulekeni esikhathini esifushane, futhi esikhathini eside, zizosiza ekwakheni i-organic matter. “Uma nje usakha lokho, uzobe uzivikela esomiso esizayo kanye nezingcindezi zezitshalo - izikhukhula, ukushisa, amakhaza,” kuphetha yena.
E-Colorado's San Luis Valley, umlimi wamazambane uBrendon Rockey ulima ogwadule olunezintaba ezibona imvula engaphansi kwamayintshi angu-6 ngonyaka. Umhlabathi wakhe uyisihlabathi, kodwa uyaniselwa. Isomiso saba yimbangela yokuthi athole izitshalo zokumboza, aqala ukuzizama eminyakeni eyi-15 edlule.
“Sesiyichithile i-aquifer ebesidonsa kuyo,” usho kanje, wengeza ngokuthi esikhathini esiyiminyaka emibili beshintshana, babengenawo amanzi enele ukuthi batshale isivuno sesibili semali. Kunokuba ashiye insimu ingafumi, wanquma ukwengeza izitshalo zokuvala ukuze zisize ekwakheni umhlabathi onyakeni ongasemuva. Ukukhula kwezitshalo zokumboza ezinama-intshi angu-6 emvula yonyaka bekungeyona inkinga, esho.
“Sibone ukongiwa kwamanzi ngendlela emangalisayo zisuka nje elulwaneni,” esho. “Ngemva kwalokho, saqala ukufunda zonke ezinye izinto ezibalulekile ezahambisana nawo.”
Ezinsukwini zokuqala zokutholwa, u-Rockey waphendukela ku-sorghum sudangrass yedwa, kodwa eminyakeni emithathu kamuva wanquma ukuhlukanisa leyo ngxube. Namuhla usebenzisa ingxube yezinhlobo ezingu-15-16 kanye nomngane wokutshala ingxube yemifino emihlanu kanye ne-buckwheat namazambane, futhi. Ngokufaka i-legumes, iyakwazi ukulungisa i-nitrogen futhi ingeze imisoco emhlabathini, kanye nokwandisa i-carbon cycling ngenkathi iletha ukuhlukahluka ohlelweni lwezimpande. I-Buckwheat isiza ukuhlanganisa i-phosphate emhlabathini futhi iphakele izinambuzane eziwusizo.
U-Rockey uthe akanazo izinkinga zemishini ngesikhathi etshala. "Imishini yamazambane isivele yakhelwe ukuphatha umvini wamazambane ngesikhathi sokuvuna, ngakho-ke ukuba nezitshalo eziningi laphaya, kuphathwa ngendlela efanayo nomvini wamazambane," esho.
Lapho ebuzwa ukuthi ngabe ucabanga ukuthi izitshalo zokumboza zilingana kahle namazambane, u-Rockey uthe ucabanga ukuthi zibalulekile.
“Kusivumele ukuthi sinciphise izinto esizikhiqizayo, kusivumele ukuthi sibaleke kumanyolo okwenziwa, futhi sikwazile ukwehlisa zonke izinto ezisetshenziswa ngamakhemikhali anobuthi ngenxa yokuletha ukuhlukahluka kwezitshalo nokulungisa izinkinga zethu. izitshalo ngokungafani namakhemikhali,” ephetha.