Uhlelo lomanyolo lwamazambane akhula enhlabathini enesihlabathi kufanele lubhalansise ubungozi kwezemvelo nokukhulisa inzuzo. Izihlabathi zasogwini ngokwemvelo azikwazi ukuvuna futhi zidinga amazinga aphezulu ezakhamzimba kunama-loams. Ukusetshenziswa kahle kwe-nitrogen, i-potassium ne-magnesium kudinga ukufaka umanyolo omningi ngemuva kokutshala nokuvela kwezitshalo. Lokhu kusebenza nakwi-phosphorus kumhlabathi ophansi kakhulu olungisa izihlabathi ezimpunga / ezimhlophe. Izicelo ze-phosphorus zangaphambi kokutshala zivame ukwanela izihlabathi eziphuzi nezibomvu / eziwolintshi. Izicelo ezisanda kuvela zezinhlobo ze-calcium ezincibilikayo zingakhuphula izinga lokutholwa kwezitshalo nezinga le-tuber.
Isingeniso
Leli khasi lichaza uhlelo olujwayelekile lomanyolo lwamazambane ahlwanyelwe emakethe entsha ebusika nasehlobo etshalwe esihlabathini esisogwini eNtshonalanga Australia. Lolu hlelo lukamanyolo alunakekeli izakhamzimba ezisetshenziswe esitshalweni ngamafomu ngaphandle kukamanyolo wamakhemikhali, njengezichibiyelo zemvelo.
Izincomo zimboza izihlabathi eziphuzi (Karrakatta) nezibomvu ngokusawolintshi (Spearwood kanye neTuart). Lezi zilinganiso zikamanyolo ziyisiqondiso samazambane amasha emakethe, yize ukulungiswa kungadingeka ezinhlotsheni ezithile. Izincomo zicabanga ukuthi umanyolo usetshenziswa ngohlelo lokunisela (umanyolo). Lolu lwazi kufanele lusetshenziswe ngokuhlangana nolunye ulwazi ngokuphathwa kukamanyolo amazambane emakethe amasha esihlabathini. Lolu hlelo lwenzelwe ukukhulisa inzuzo nokunciphisa ubungozi kwezemvelo kusuka kumanyolo ovulekile.
Ngaphambi kokutshala
Landela izinto
Izinto zokulandela umkhondo zibalulekile ekukhiqizeni okuphezulu. Uhlelo olujwayelekile lokulandela umkhondo lwesihlabathi ezweni elidala nelisha lunemininingwane ekhasini lewebhu Landelela izakhi zamazambane akhule esihlabathini esisogwini. Wonke umanyolo wangaphambi kokutshala kufanele usakazwe futhi ufakwe ngegeja elijikelezayo.
I-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium
I-nitrogen efakwa ngaphambi kokutshala ingavulwa. Ukwehlisa lokhu kulahleka, isicelo sokuqala se-nitrogen kufanele siqale emva kokutshala kepha ngaphambi kokuvela. Izinga le-phosphorus elizosetshenziswa kufanele linqunywe kusukela ekuhlolweni komhlaba ngaphambi kokutshala. I-Phosphorus kufanele isakazwe futhi ifakwe ngaphambi kokutshala, kanye ne-potassium, i-magnesium (5kg Mg / ha) nezinto zokulandela umkhondo. Sakaza futhi ufake i-potassium ngaphambi kokutshala njenge-potassium sulphate ku-200kg / ha, ezonikezela nge-potassium engu-82kg / ha.
Ngemuva kokutshala nokuvela
nitrogen
Faka i-nitrogen njalo ngesonto ngezinga elingaguquguquki kuzo zombili izitshalo ezitshaliwe ebusika nasehlobo. Akudingekile ukwehluka ngesilinganiso sokufakwa kwe-nitrogen ngesigaba sesitshalo. Izinga lenani le-nitrogen elinconywayo lingu-490kg / ha wezitshalo ezitshalwe ehlobo kanye no-570kg / ha wezitshalo ezitshalwe ebusika, okungaphansi kwenani elisebenza kakhulu ngabakhiqizi abaningi. Kungadingeka i-nitrogen eningi uma imvula yasebusika iphakeme kunokujwayelekile. Ukuhlungwa kwe-nitrogen emanzini okunisela nakho kufanele kubhekwe, ngoba inani elikhulu le-nitrogen lingasetshenziswa esitshalweni esivela emanzini okunisela, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sezulu esishisayo. Imininingwane engaphezulu ingatholakala ku- Ukufaka umsoco kwimifino ngenkasa.
potassium
I-Potassium kufanele futhi isetshenziswe masonto onke ngesilinganiso esiqhubekayo. Inani eliphelele lama-522kg / ha lokutshala ehlobo kanye nama-602kg / ha ezitshalweni zasebusika lanele ukuthola isivuno esiphezulu ezindaweni ezintsha zomhlaba. Ezindaweni zakudala zomhlaba, i-450kg / ha yanele ezimweni eziningi, unyaka wonke.
Sulfure
Isibabule siyinto ebalulekile edingwa yizo zonke izitshalo. Isalfure efakwe ezintweni zokulandela umkhondo nangomanyolo we-phosphorus kanye ne-potassium kuvame ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zezitshalo. Uma umanyolo we-phosphorus oqukethe isalfure (i-DAP ngokwesibonelo), sebenzisa i-gypsum ukunikela ngesibabule uma inganikezwa ngenye indlela efana ne-potassium sulphate.
magnesium
Ingqikithi yama-20 kuya ku-30kg / ha we-magnesium noma i-200 kuye ku-300kg / ha ye-magnesium sulphate (i-Epsom usawoti) imvamisa yanele.
Calcium
I-calcium yisakhi somzimba esibalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo. Njengesibabule, izitshalo zivame ukuthola imfuneko yazo ye-calcium ngeminye imanyolo efana ne-superphosphate noma izichibiyelo ezifana ne-lime. Kwezinye izindawo, inani elikhulu le-calcium lingasetshenziswa ngamanzi okunisela. I-calcium kufanele isetshenziswe uma ukuphazamiseka okufana nenhliziyo engenalutho, isikhungo esinsundu noma i-fleck kudlangile. Lokhu kungafakwa ngaphambi kokutshala njenge-gypsum ngethani elilodwa / ha noma emva kokutshala ngokusebenzisa i-calcium nitrate njengomthombo we-nitrogen kwezinye zezicelo zangemva kokuvela kuze kufike ku-100kg Ca / ha.
Isifinyezo sohlelo lomanyolo oluphakanyisiwe lokusetshenziswa kwe-N, K, Mg ne-Ca ngemuva kokutshala nokuvela kwamazambane esihlabathini se-N ephansi yokuzala sinikezwe ematafuleni.
Ikhwalithi ye-Urea
I-Urea imvamisa iqukethe ukungcola okubizwa nge-biuret okuwumkhiqizo wokwenziwa kwayo. I-Urea enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-biuret ikhonjisiwe ukuthi ilimaza izitshalo, ikakhulukazi ukuhluma imbewu kanye namahlamvu uma kusetshenziswa ngemuva kokutshala. Ukunciphisa le nkinga, sebenzisa kuphela i-urea enokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-biuret (<0.25%).
Izinhlelo zomanyolo
Isikhathi (ukuvela kokuthunyelwa kwamasonto) | N | urea | K | Potassium sulfate | Mg | I-Magnesium sulphate | Ca | I-calcium nitrate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ngaphambi kokuvela | 50 | 109 | 82 | 200 | 5 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
Ekuveleni | 40 | 87 | 40 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1 futhi 2 | 40 | 87 | 40 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | 40 | 0 | 40 | 98 | 8 | 80 | 50 | 265 |
4 futhi 5 | 40 | 87 | 40 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6 | 40 | 0 | 40 | 98 | 8 | 80 | 50 | 265 |
7 futhi 8 | 40 | 87 | 40 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
9 | 40 | 87 | 40 | 98 | 8 | 80 | 0 | 0 |
10 | 40 | 87 | 40 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ubude | 490 | 891 | 522 | 1276 | 29 | 290 | 100 | 530 |
- Sebenzisa i-biuret urea ephansi (<0.25%)
- Faka i-urea noma i-nitrogen ngemuva kokutshala kodwa ngaphambi kokuvela
- Emgqeni 'ngaphambi kokuvela', isakhi sezithako esiphelele siyakhonjiswa njengoba sifaka phakathi i-potassium ne-magnesium efakwe ngaphambi kokutshala
Ukuhlolwa kwezitshalo nokunisela
Ukuhlaziywa kwezitshalo
Sebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwezitshalo ukuqapha ukwanela kohlelo lomanyolo. Kubalulekile ukuthatha amasampula wezicubu eziningana empilweni yesitshalo futhi uthole igrafu yezidingo zezakhi zomsoco. Umugqa kugrafu wokuhlaziywa kwezakhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uzokwehla noma wehle uye phezulu, phansi noma ube njalo. Qhathanisa lokhu nalokho okulindelwe izitshalo ezikhiqiza kakhulu ngesikhathi esifanayo nenkomba yokuthi ngabe uhlelo lomanyolo lwanele yini.
Ukulinganiswa okukodwa, okukodwa kokudla okunomsoco esitshalweni ngeke kunikeze inkomba eyanele yomkhuba wokusetshenziswa kwezakhi empilweni yaso sonke isivuno. Ukunquma izidingo zomsoco wesitshalo ngokuhlolwa kwezitshalo, isampuli ye-petiole kufanele iqale lapho isigaxa esikhulu kunazo zonke noma se-king ngaphansi kwezitshalo ezimbili noma ezintathu sesifinyelele ku-10mm ubude.
Ngokutshala ngakunye, qoqa iqabunga lamazambane elivuthiwe elincane kunazo zonke ezitshalweni ezingama-20 kuye kwezingama-30. Iqabunga elincane kunawo wonke livuthiwe okwesine noma lesihlanu ukusuka phezulu kwesitshalo. Phinda njalo emavikini amabili noma uma kudingeka. Thumela amasampula kwinsizakalo eyaziwayo yokuhlolwa kwezitshalo ukuze ihlaziywe. Imiphumela yokuhlaziya ingaqhathaniswa nobubanzi bamazinga ezakhamzimba ezingeni ngalinye lokukhula, lapho isivuno esiphezulu samazambane singalindelwa khona. Imininingwane engaphezulu iyatholakala ku- Ukuhlaziywa kwePetiyoli yokuphathwa kukamanyolo amazambane esihlabathini.
Irrigation
Izicelo zikamanyolo eziphakanyisiwe zicabanga ukuthi isivuno asikapheli noma siniselwa kakhulu nokuthi uhlelo lokunisela lufaka amanzi ngokufanayo. Amazambane adinga ukuthi amanzi asetshenziswe ukufaka u-100% wokuhwamuka kwepani kusuka ekutshalweni kuye ezinsukwini ezingama-20 ngemuva kokuvela. Lokhu kufanele kukhuphuke kuye ku-150% ngezinsuku ezingama-40 ngemuva kokuvela. Ngaphandle kwezinsuku ezingama-80 ngemuva kokuvela, ukuchelela kufanele kwehliswe kancane kancane kube ngu-100% wokushintshwa ngaphambi nje kokuvuna.
Uma usebenzisa i-tensiometers - sebenzisa amamodeli esihlabathi esiphundu esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - kufanele abekwe phakathi nendawo phakathi kwezitshalo ezimbili ngaphakathi kolayini, nendawo ephakathi kwendebe ye-ceramic 30cm ngaphansi kwesiqongo segquma. Nisela ukuze ingcindezi ingehli ngezansi cishe ngo-5-7kPa kusukela ekutshaleni kuya ekuqaleni kwe-senescence. Uma imvula inzima futhi kudluliswa izidingo zamanzi zesitshalo, kungadingeka i-nitrogen ne-potassium eyengeziwe. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Petiole kungasiza ekutholeni ukuthi izakhi zomzimba zanele noma zanele yini.