Njengoba inani lomhlaba wonke lisondela kubantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi ngonyaka wama-10, umkhiqizo wezolimo uzodinga ukukhuphuka ngama-2050%. Kepha ngayo yonke i-60 ° C yokufudumala, umkhiqizo wezolimo kulindeleke ukuthi wehle ngo-1%. Imodeli eyodwa ibikezela ukuthi isivuno samazambane singancipha cishe ngama-5% ngonyaka ka-32, kepha ukuthuthukiswa nokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezakhi zofuzo ezihambisana nesimo sezulu kungaqinisekisa ukuthi lesi sitshalo esinomsoco futhi esikhula ngokushesha siyaqhubeka nokudlala indima ebalulekile ezinhlelweni zokudla emnothweni umhlaba wonke .
Ukusheshisa ukukhula kwalezo zinhlobonhlobo, ososayensi basebenzise ithuba lentuthuko ekulandelaneni kwezakhi zofuzo futhi basebenzisa ulwazi abalutholile ukuzala izinhlobo zamazambane ezilungele kangcono ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zesikhathi esizayo.
Ososayensi e-International Potato Center (CIP) kudala behamba phambili kulo mkhuba, bebamba iqhaza eqenjini lamazwe omhlaba elashicilela ukulandelana kokuqala kwamazambane ngo-2011. Ngenxa yentuthuko yakamuva ebandakanya ukutholakala kwezakhi zofuzo ezixhumene nezici ezibalulekile-kusuka kokudla okunempilo aneliswe ukumelana nezifo — aseqalile ukusebenzisa izimpawu zofuzo ukusheshisa ukuzalaniswa kwezici ezifunwayo.
Ukwenza ngcono amazambane kuqala ngeziphambano phakathi kwabazali abazalanayo ezikhiqiza amashumi ezinkulungwane wenzalo. Ososayensi ngokwesiko bachitha iminyaka behlola lezo zitshalo emikhakheni nasezindaweni zokugcina izithombo…
Ukusheshisa ukwenziwa ngcono kwamazambane ofuzo
Ukwenza ngcono amazambane kuqala ngeziphambano phakathi kwabazali abazalanayo ezikhiqiza amashumi ezinkulungwane wenzalo. Ososayensi ngokwesiko bachithe iminyaka behlola lezo zitshalo emasimini nasezindaweni zokugcina izithombo, futhi ekugcineni ngokusebenzisa amaqembu okugxila kwabesilisa nabesifazane, ngenqubo yokuqedwa okuholela ohlwini olufushane lwamazambane amazambane anamandla amakhulu kakhulu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezimpawu zofuzo zezici ezifana nokumelana nesifo se-late-blight kanye nama-virus amabili abulala kakhulu amazambane kusheshise inqubekela phambili ye-CIP ekukhiqizeni amazambane aphakeme kakhulu. Ngenkathi abalimi kwakudingeka bavumele yonke inzalo yesiphambano ivuthwe endlini yokushisa ukuze kutholakale ukuthi iziphi ezingamelana nazo, manje bamane basuse iqabunga esitshalweni ngasinye esincane ukuze kulandelwe izakhi zofuzo ukuthola ukuthi iziphi ezithola izakhi zofuzo zokumelana. Umaki wofuzo wokumelana nokulimaza sekwephuzile, isibonelo, usike isikhathi lapho le nqubo ithatha ngamaphesenti angama-50.
Idlulisa ukumelana
Amagciwane amazambane ayanqwabelana futhi aqede isivuno kusuka komunye umjikelezo wesitshalo uye kwesinye, kuyilapho ukulimala sekwephuzile kungabhubhisa insimu yezitshalo zamazambane esikhathini esingamasonto ambalwa. Lapho izinhlobo ezingemuva kokumelana nobungozi zitshalwe kabanzi iminyaka, igciwane liguqukela ekunqobeni izindlela zalo zokumelana. Ngakho-ke, abalimi bahlala befuna imithombo emisha yokumelana, etholakala kaningi kumazambane omdabu noma asendle.
I-CIP isanda kuhlangana namazambane asendle adabuka eCajamarca, enyakatho yePeru, ukukhiqiza amazambane amelana nobunzima besikhathi esedlule okungenzeka ukuthi angasebenziseka kwezentengiselwano. Kwabiwe nabalingani bokuzalisa emazweni amaningana, lawo ma-clone amazambane njengamanje ayahlolwa ukuthi angakhishwa kanjani njengezinhlobo ePeru.
Kusukela ngo-1973, i-CIP genebank ibilokhu iqoqa futhi igcina amazambane omdabu nawasendle, amaningi amelana nokulimala sekwephuzile. Njengengxenye yomkhankaso wamazwe omhlaba wokonga, ukutadisha, nokusebenzisa ukuhlukahluka kofuzo kwamazambane, utamatisi, isitshalo seqanda nopelepele — konke lokhu kuhlobene — okuningi kwalokho kuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kuhlolwe ukumelana nezifo futhi kwalandelwa nokulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo eminyakeni yamuva nje.
Izinzuzo zokunqoba okulimazayo sekwephuzile azinakulinganiswa. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngonyaka kulahleka amazambane emhlabeni jikelele ngenxa yalesi sifo cishe emaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-5 ngonyaka wezi-2019. Ukusika lokho kulahleka ngezinhlobo ezinamandla kakhulu kungenza umehluko omangalisayo kubalimi abadobela ukuziphilisa, kubasize ukuthi baguqule ukusebenza kwabo kusuka kokudla kuya kwezentengiselwano.
Ngezimpawu zofuzo, kuba lula ngabalimi ukuthuthukisa amazambane aqinile, athela kakhulu anezimpawu eziyinhloko-ukunambitheka, ukuthungwa, isikhathi sokupheka-okufunwa abathengi bendawo. Izinhlobo ezivelayo zizokwenza abalimi bakwazi ukuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhulayo sokudla, bathuthukise imali yabo, futhi babhekane nezinselelo ezingalindelekile zomhlaba oguqukayo.