#IrrigationInsights #Water Management #Soil Characteristics #Crop Health #Sustainable Farming #Irrigation Ephumelelayo #Ukongiwa Amanzi #Abeluleki BezoLimo #Isivuno Sezitshalo #Ukusimama Kwemvelo
Ukunisela ngendlela efanele kubalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo ngempumelelo, kodwa ukukufeza kudinga ukuqonda okujulile kwezimpawu zenhlabathi yedokhi lakho. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zenhlabathi edokhini zibamba amanani ahlukene wamanzi atholakala ezitshalweni, okuholela ezidingweni zokunisela ezihlukene. Lesi sihloko sibuyekeza umqondo Wamanzi Atholakalayo Ezitshalo (i-PAWC) kanye Namanzi Atholakalayo Ezimila, futhi sichaza ukuthi ukugcinwa kwamanzi nokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi kuthinta kanjani ukukhula kwezitshalo. Ngokuthola umehluko kumthamo wamanzi otholakala ezitshalweni zama-paddock, abalimi bangenza izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana namasu okunisela, okuholela ekuvuneni okuphezulu kwezitshalo.
Umthamo wamanzi atholakalayo wesikhungo (PAWC) kanye nenani lawo:
I-athikili yethula umqondo we-PAWC, okungumehluko phakathi komthamo wensimu yomhlabathi kanye nendawo yokubuna yaphakade. Umthamo wensimu umelela inani eliphezulu lamanzi umhlabathi ongawabamba ngemva kokuphuma kwamanzi, futhi indawo yokubuna unomphela ikhombisa izinga lomswakama izitshalo ezingasakwazi ukukhipha amanzi emhlabathini. I-PAWC ibalulekile njengoba inquma inani lamanzi atholakalayo ezitshalweni endaweni yezimpande.
Izinto ezithinta ukutholakala kwamanzi ezitshalweni:
Kunezici ezihlukahlukene ezithinta inani lamanzi atholakalayo ezitshalweni emhlabathini. Lokhu kubandakanya ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi (isilinganiso sesihlabathi, udaka nobumba), okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo, ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, nokujula kwezimpande zezitshalo. Ukuqonda lezi zici kusiza abalimi ukuthi bahlole amandla okubamba amanzi enhlabathini yabo.
Ukuqhathanisa izinhlobo zenhlabathi namandla azo okubamba amanzi:
I-athikili igqamisa umehluko ku-PAW phakathi kwezinhlobo zenhlabathi ezivame ukusetshenziswa ekutshaleni amazambane eNingizimu Australia, eTasmania naseQueensland. Izibonelo zibonisa ukuthi ubumba lwenhlabathi luyithinta kanjani i-PAW, nenhlabathi enesihlabathi enomthamo omncane wokugcina uma kuqhathaniswa ne-loamy kanye ne-Vertosol enobumba enothe. Umehluko onjalo uthinta inani kanye nemvamisa yokunisela okudingekayo.
Amasu okunisela kuye ngohlobo lwenhlabathi:
Isihloko sigqamisa ukubaluleka kokujwayela amasu okunisela kuye ngohlobo lomhlabathi. Inhlabathi enesihlabathi ingase idinge ukuchelelwa kancane kodwa kaningi, kuyilapho inhlabathi enobumba ecebile ingabekezelela ukuchelela okuningi nokuncipha. Ngokuqhathanisa izindlela zokunisela nezici zomhlabathi, abalimi bangakwazi ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kanye nempilo yezitshalo.
I-athikili ihlongoza ukubandakanya ababonisi abangochwepheshe ukuze benze ucwaningo lwenhlabathi futhi bahlonze izinguquko emandleni okubamba amanzi enhlabathini ku-paddock. Lezi zifundo zisiza ukuthuthukisa amasu okuphatha amanzi aqondene nendawo ethile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinezindunduma zesihlabathi namaxhaphozi.
Umfanekiso 3-2b: Umdwebo wobudlelwane phakathi ukutholakala kwezigaba ezahlukene zokuthungwa kwenhlabathi. | Umfanekiso 3-2c: Ukuqhathaniswa kwamanzi atholakalayo ezitshalo abanjwe endaweni eyodwa imitha yenhlabathi, ngamamilimitha okunisela ngemitha ngayinye yomhlabathi, ngokuthungwa kwenhlabathi kanye nesakhiwo. Umthombo u-Anderson et al., 2007 |
Indlela enolwazi lokunisela esekelwe ezicini zomhlabathi ingaletha izinzuzo eziningi ezibalulekile kubalimi kanye nemvelo:
Izivuno Ezangeziwe: Ngokuqhathanisa izindlela zokunisela namandla okugcina amanzi enhlabathini, izitshalo zithola amanzi anele, okuholela ekukhuleni okungcono kanye nesivuno esiphezulu.
Ukonga Amanzi: Ukuqonda izici zenhlabathi kuvumela abalimi ukuthi basebenzise amanzi ngendlela ephumelelayo, kuncishiswe ukumoshwa nokulondoloza lo mthombo obalulekile.
Ukunciphisa izindleko: Ukusebenzisa amasu okuchelela okuhlosiwe kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, okuholela ekongeni kubalimi ngokwezikweletu zamanzi nokusetshenziswa kwamandla.
Ithebula 3-4:Izibonelo zomthamo wensimu (FC), indawo yokubola unomphela^ (PWP), kanye nokutshala amanzi atholakalayo (PAW) kathathu
izinhlobo zenhlabathi ezihlukene ezivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amazambane eNingizimu ye-Australia, eTasmania naseQueensland*. Idatha ibonisa i
inani lamanzi (mm) eligcinwe ekujuleni kongqimba ngalunye ukuya ku-60 cm, okubhekwa njengokujula okukhulu kwezimpande zamazambane.
Ukujula Kwesendlalelo (cm) | Isihlabathi esiloam ngaphezulu kwesihlabathi Igrili1, SA | I-Ferrosol Ebomvu Moriarty2, Tas | I-Vertosol emnyama UGatton3, Qld | ||||||
FC | I-PWP | IPHAWU | FC | I-PWP | IPHAWU | FC | I-PWP | IPHAWU | |
0-15 | 12.6 | 2.0 | 10.6 | 54.0 | 31.5 | 22.5 | 61.5 | 39.0 | 22.5 |
15-30 | 10.4 | 2.6 | 7.8 | 56.2 | 36.0 | 20.2 | 64.5 | 39.0 | 25.5 |
30-60 | 22.2 | 11.4 | 10.8 | 115.5 | 96.0 | 19.5 | 138.0 | 78.0 | 60.0 |
Isamba (0-60 cm) | 45.2 | 16.0 | 29.2 | 225.7 | 163.5 | 62.2 | 264.0 | 156.0 | 108.0 |
* Idatha efinyelelwe ku-APSoil Database nge-Google Earth.
1 I-APSoil Lameroo No 255
2 I-APSoil Moriarty No 778
3 Imithetho ye-APSoil No 037
Ukushoda kwamanzi e-SA Mallee:
Kusukela ngo-Okthoba 2020 kuya kuJanuwari 2021, isifunda sase-SA Mallee sibe nemvula ephansi ehlobo, okuholele ekushodeleni okukhulu kwamanzi angaphezu kuka-600 mm okwakudinga ukuchelelwa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo samanzi ezitshalo. Ukushoda kwamanzi kubaluleke kakhulu ngeSigaba SokuKhula sesi-3 nesesi-4, lapho isilinganiso samanzi esidingekayo nsuku zonke singu-8.9 mm.
Inselele ngenhlabathi enesihlabathi:
Inhlabathi eyisihlabathi ejulile ye-SA Mallee ibeka enye inselelo njengoba ingagcina kuphela u-30 mm Wamanzi Atholakalayo Kwezitshalo (PAW) (Ithebula 3-4). Uma kubhekwa leli khono elilinganiselwe lokubamba amanzi, inhlabathi iyokoma futhi ifinyelele endaweni yokubuna unomphela phakathi kwezinsuku ezi-3 kuya kwezi-4, okwenza kube nzima ukushoda kwamanzi ezitshalweni.
Izimo ezihlukile e-Gatton:
Ngokuphambene, indawo yokukhiqiza yemvula yasehlobo ehamba phambili e-Gatton ithole imvula engu-220 mm ngesikhathi esifanayo sokukhula, ukwehlisa ukushoda kwamanzi ku-450 mm. Ukwengeza, nge-ET emaphakathiC (Crop Evapotranspiration) ka-8.5 mm ngosuku ngeSigaba Sokukhula sesi-3 nesi-4, inhlabathi ye-Vertosol e-Gatton ingagcina i-PAW eyanele ukuze ihlale ngaphezu kwezinsuku eziyi-10 (Ithebula 3-4).
Ukubaluleka kwe-ETo futhi KC:
Lezi zibalo ezicatshangelwayo zibonisa indima ebalulekile yokuqonda i-reference evapotranspiration (ETo) kanye ne-croefficient (KC) ezindaweni ezithile. ETo ibonisa izimo zezulu ezithinta ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi otshanini obuniselwe kahle, kuyilapho u-KC imele izidingo zamanzi esitshalo uma kuqhathaniswa notshani obubhekisela kuso. Ulwazi olunembile lwalezi zici lwenza abalimi nabalimi bakwazi ukubala futhi babikezele ingqikithi yezidingo zamanzi ezitshalo ngokunembile.
Vikela Imvelo: Izinqubo zokunisela eziphumelelayo zikhuthaza ukusimama kwemvelo ngokunciphisa ukugeleza nokunciphisa ingozi yokuguguleka kwenhlabathi kanye nokucwiliswa kwezakhi.
Ukukhula kokuqina: Ukuthuthukisa amasu okuphatha amanzi aqondene nendawo ethile kuqinisekisa ukuthi izitshalo zingakwazi ukumelana nokucindezeleka kwamanzi nezinye izinkinga zemvelo, okwandisa ukuqina kwepulazi.