Yize bekungeyona impumelelo esheshayo, umlimi i-'Russet Burbank 'manje usubala cishe ama-40% we-US amazambane acreage. Kuvela enhlanyelweni eqoqwe esitshalweni samazambane sika 'Early Rose' esatshalwa nguLuther Burbank ngo-1872. Eminyakeni engamashumi amaningi kamuva, i-mutant yemvelo yemvelo (i-chimera) yaseBurbank yasekuqaleni enesikhumba se-russet yaba yiRusset Burbank esiyazi namuhla.
'I-Russet Burbank' yimbatata enezinhloso ezimbili - elungele izimakethe ezintsha nezisetshenziswayo - futhi yamukelwa kabanzi ngabathengi. Ungayigcina izinyanga eziningi ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa, okuvumela ukusatshalaliswa unyaka wonke nokusebenza. Lokhu kungaba yisici esinamandla kunazo zonke se-'Russet Burbank 'futhi ngesinye sezimbalwa ezinye izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-russet ezikwazi ukufana.
Inezimfanelo ezithile ezimbi, kepha siyazi ukuthi yini okumele siyilindele
'I-Russet Burbank' ijwayele ukukhubazeka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa lapho ikhule ngaphansi kwezimo ezicindezelayo. Lokhu kufaka ukukhubazeka kwangaphakathi okufana nebala elinsundu nenhliziyo engenalutho, nokukhubazeka kwangaphandle okufana nezinkinobho neziphetho ezikhonjiwe. Kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi ingenwe yizifo eziningana zamazambane, njengeVerticillium wilt kanye nezifo zokubola kwe-tuber.
Abatshali nabaprosesa bayabuqonda lobu buthakathaka futhi banamasu okuphatha iningi labo. Izinhlobo ezintsha zamazambane aziveli nencwajana yokuphatha. Sifunda okuningi ngama-cultivar amasha esigabeni sokukhula kwawo, kepha izinselelo ezingalindelekile zivame ukuvela lapho zitshalwa ngenhloso yokuthengisa kuma-acreage amakhulu nasezindaweni ezintsha. Ukuze uphumelele, umlimi omusha udinga ukuba nezimpawu ezithile ezehlukile ukuze abalimi bazimisele ukwamukela ubungozi bokubhekana nokungaziwa okuthile.
Kungumsebenzi Omningi Wokuthuthukisa Umkhakha Wamazambane Omusha
Amazambane atshaliwe angama-tetraploids anamaqoqo amane we-chromosome ngayinye futhi anokuhlukahluka kofuzo oluyingqayizivele. Lokhu kwenza amathuba abonakale angapheli ezicini ezingabonakaliswa kuzalo lwesiphambano phakathi kwamazambane amabili. Inselelo ukudlulisa izici ezinhle zomzali ngamunye nokulahlekelwa okubi. Kuthatha iziphambano eziningi ukufika kokuhle.
Izinhlelo ezijwayelekile zokuzalanisa amazambane zihlola izilimo eziyizigaxa ezivela ezinqamulezweni ezingaba yizi-100,000 minyaka yonke. Futhi abalimi bakhetha kuphela cishe u-10% ukuqhubekela phambili. Yize umfuyi wamazambane angahlola izithombo zamazambane ezingaba yizigidi ezingama-3.5 phakathi nomsebenzi wakhe, bazobona abambalwa kuphela abakwaziyo ukudlula futhi babe nethuba lokuphumelela kwezohwebo. Uma utshala imbewu yamazambane eyiqiniso kusuka kubheri oqoqwe esitshalweni samazambane, izitshalo nezilimo eziyizigaxa okuzovela kuzo konke kuzohluka - ngakunye kuzomela ukuhlukahluka okwehlukile.
Ukuphela kwendlela yokulungisa izici ukukhiqiza ama-cultivars amazambane asexually esitokisini se-clonal. Ukusabalalisa kweClonal kwandisa kakhulu isikhathi esisithathayo ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo ezintsha zamazambane. Igquma elilodwa lamazambane likhiqiza izilimo eziyizigaxa ezingaphansi kwezingu-15 esitshalweni ngasinye. Ngakho-ke iminyaka yokuqala yentuthuko ichithwa iphindaphindwa nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezanele ukuvumela ukuhlolwa kuzilingo zocwaningo eziphindiwe. Ngaphambi kokuthi kukhethwe amazambane, ayahlolwa ezindaweni eziningi ezikhulayo. Ngokuvamile kuthatha iminyaka eyi-13 kuya kwengu-14 ukuthuthukisa, ukuhlola, kanye nokukhulula umhlanganisela omusha wamazambane ovela ohlelweni oluvamile lokuzalanisa amazambane.
Kuthiwani Ngobunjiniyela Bofuzo (GE)?
I-GE ukusetshenziswa okuqondile kwe-genome yomzimba usebenzisa i-biotechnology. Inqubo ivame ukufaka ukufakwa noma ukususwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezithile. Lobu buchwepheshe bungasetshenziselwa ukuqinisa i-germplasm yamazambane ngokwethula izakhi zofuzo ezivela ezihlotsheni zamazambane asendle zibe amazambane atshaliwe. Ikakhulu lapho bengeke bawele besebenzisa izindlela zendabuko zokuzalisa.
Abazalanisi bangasebenzisa futhi ubuchwepheshe ukushintsha ezinye izici ezingezinhle zezilimo zamazambane ezidumile, ikakhulukazi ezicini ezidluliswa ngofuzo olulodwa noma olumbalwa. Uhulumeni wase-US uvumile ukukhishwa kwezilimo zamazambane eziningana eziguqulwe zofuzo okuthathwe njengokuvikelekile ukuthi kungasetshenziswa kanye nemvelo. Akwamukelwa kuwo wonke amazwe.
Ukudla okuyi-GM kuveza udaba lokuziphatha kwabanye abantu, kanti abanye bakwenqaba ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngemvelo noma ngoba benokwesaba ngokuphepha kokudla. Iningi labalimi bamazambane nabasabalalisi e-US abakulungele ukubhekana nalezi zinselele zokumaketha noma zokuthekelisa futhi banqume ukungakhuli noma ukuthengisa amazambane eGM okwamanje.
"Tshala imbewu yamazambane, bese uthepha imayini yozalo, engapheli ngokungaqiniseki kwayo, kodwa okungenamkhawulo, futhi, kungenzeka. ”