Ukulinywa kwamazambane kwenzeka ikakhulukazi eSouth Central yaseChile (i-VIII kuye kwezifunda ze-X) ezimeni ezomile (ngaphandle kokunisela) ngenkathi yasentwasahlobo-ehlobo (Novemba-Mashi). Isivuno sinamandla amakhulu esivuno (amathani ayi-100-120 ngehektare) ngokungabi bikho kwengcindezi ye-biotic ne-abiotic (amanzi, izakhi zomzimba, izifo, njll. Kodwa-ke, isivuno samanje eningizimu yeChile (20-35 tonnes / ha) singaphansi kakhulu kwalokhu okungenzeka ngenxa yenani lamaphutha ahlukile ekuphathweni kwezolimo kwezitshalo (ukusetshenziswa kwembewu eqinisekisiwe, usuku lokutshala, ukuphathwa kokukhulelwa kanye nezifo). Ngisho nokwenza ngcono lokhu kushoda, isivuno esiphezulu esingatholwa ngamathani angama-30-60 ngehektare (kuya ngendawo nonyaka) ngoba isivuno senziwa ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezomile.
Ngokuvamile, selokhu kwavela lesi sitshalo (ekuqaleni kukaNovemba, kucatshangwa ukuthi kwakuzotshalwa ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba), ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwesivuno kufana nokuncipha kwemvula. Ngenxa yalokho, ngenxa yokuthi isivuno sizwela kakhulu ekushodweni kwamanzi, akumangazi ukubona ukuthi ikhava yamaphepha, ukubamba kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kuncishiswa ngokuphawulekayo ngaphansi kwezimo zokutholakala kwamanzi okuphansi.
Kodwa-ke, izinga lokusilela kwamanzi isivuno esingahlangabezana nakho eningizimu yeChile liyahlukahluka kakhulu ngenxa yokwehluka okukhulu kwemvula phakathi kwezindawo neminyaka. Isibonelo, eminyakeni engama-40 edlule, eValdivia, e-Osorno nasePuerto Montt, imvula enqwabelene ngenkathi yokukhula (Novemba-Mashi) ifinyelele ku-373, 246 no-542 mm ngesizini ngayinye. Kodwa-ke, ezikhathini zamuva nje imvula enqwabelene ibingaphansi kwesilinganiso somlando wendawo ngayinye.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi kunokuhlukahluka okubanzi phakathi konyaka ngonyaka ezindaweni ezinemvula ephakeme kakhulu (iValdivia (136 - 639 mm) nePuerto Montt (228 - 821 mm). Ngakho-ke, lokhu kwehluka kwemvelo kwezulu, umkhiqizo wezindawo neminyaka, kuchaza iqiniso lokuthi esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu esibhekene nokwehluka kwesivuno samazambane unyaka nonyaka, ukutholakala okuhlukile kwamanzi phakathi nenkathi. inkathi yokukhula. Ngenxa yalokho, izidingo zokunisela ezindaweni ezifana nePuerto Montt zizobe ziphansi kakhulu futhi zingaphansi kakhulu kunezidingo zokunisela e-Osorno, kuthi iValdivia ibe sesimweni esiphakathi.
Irrigation futhi Balance Water
Amaza nezidingo zokunisela kuzoya ngesilinganiso samanzi okumele senziwe ngesikhathi ngasinye sokukhula, okumele sicabangele isimo sezulu sendawo ngayinye, izici zenhlabathi kanye nezici zesitshalo. Kodwa-ke, ukuzimisela kwale bhalansi yamanzi kuvame ukuba ngaphezu kwabakhiqizi, ngakho-ke, izeluleko zobuchwepheshe zibaluleke kakhulu lapho uhlela ikhalenda lokunisela.
Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yokuhlola ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene ikhombisile ukuthi isivuno esiphezulu (kufika ku-100 t / ha) singatholakala ngamazinga okunisela we-oda elingu-400 mm wamanzi ngesizini, elengeze emvuleni ngesikhathi sokukhula. kulingana namazinga wokutholakala kwamanzi ka-550mm wamanzi ngesizini ngayinye. Amamodeli wokulingisa akhombisile ukuthi ukuchelela kufanele kwenziwe njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-50-60 ngemuva kokutshala, okuhambisana nokuqala kokwakheka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Ngamagama asebenzayo, kunconywa ukusuka lapha ukufaka imvamisa yokunisela masonto onke engama-40 mm ngesonto.
Kulindeleke ukuthi iziqephu zesomiso zesikhathi esizayo zande kaningi kunangesikhathi esedlule ngenxa yemiphumela yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, okuyiqiniso elamukelwa kabanzi emhlabeni jikelele. Njengoba sibhekene nalesi simo, esinye sezinyathelo okufanele sibhekwe ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza amazambane, ukugcina noma ukukhulisa isivuno sabo, wukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zokunisela ezisebenza kahle. Kodwa-ke, uma kubhekwa ukuthi lesi sitshalo senziwa ikakhulukazi ngabalimi abancane, ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zokunisela akulula, ngoba kudingeka utshalomali oluphakeme. Ngakho-ke, lapho uthatha isinqumo sokutshala imali ohlelweni lokunisela, kuyadingeka ukuthi ubheke imvelo lapho isivuno sikhiqizwa khona, ngoba, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili,
Uma ecabanga ngezolimo ezincane, umlimi okwamanje otshala amahektha ama-2 amazambane ngaphansi kwezimo ezinethwa yimvula, endaweni yemvula ephansi, enesivuno esingamathani angama-30 / ha, kufanele abe nesu lesikhathi esimaphakathi lokuqinisa uhlelo lwakhe lokukhiqiza, agxile emizameni yakhe nezinsizakusebenza. Lokhu kungasho ukunciphisa indawo yayo yokutshala (isibonelo ku-1 ha), ukuze utshale imbewu eqinisekisiwe, ukukhulelwa okuphelele, ukulawula izifo kanye nohlelo lokunisela. Lokhu okungenhla kungenzeka kuvumele ukuphindaphindwa kwesivuno sabo, okungasho ukwanda kokusebenza kahle kwezinsizakusebenza, ukuguqula kube uhlelo lokukhiqiza amazambane olusimeme futhi lube nenzuzo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.