Iqembu labacwaningi bamazwe omhlaba lenze inqubekela phambili ebonakalayo ekulweni nesifo samazambane esidume kabi iPytytthora. Uhlobo olusha olutholwe esitshalweni iSolanum americanum (umndeni wesitshalo esasakazeka sasendle esimnyama i-black nightshade) lukhonjisiwe ukuthi lwenza amazambane amelane nezinhlobonhlobo eziyishumi nesishiyagalolunye ezihloliwe ze-P. infestans. Kushicilelwe lolu hlobo olusha lwe-Rpi-amr1 luvela namhlanje ntambama e-Nature Plants.
Isikhunta i-Phytophthora infestans sidala ukulimala sekwephuzile futhi siholele ezindlala ezinkulu nasezinxushunxushwini emphakathini esikhathini esedlule. Nanamuhla, lesi sifo singaholela ekulahlekelweni okulimazayo. Ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali nakho kubeka umthwalo omkhulu emvelweni.
Izakhi zofuzo zokumelana nazo zingaqinisekisa ukuthi izitshalo ziyayibona into ebizwa ngokuthi yi-avirulence protein yePhytophthora. Lokhu kwaziwa kuholela ekuphenduleni kwamagciwane ngokushesha (ukusabela kwe-hypersensitivity, ukushona okusheshayo kwamangqamuzana ezitshalo ezihlaselwe) futhi lokhu kumisa ukutheleleka.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, isibalo esikhulu sezakhi zofuzo zokumelana nesifo siye sahlukaniswa nezinhlobo zamazambane asendle, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu naseMelika Ephakathi. Kodwa-ke, lezi zakhi zofuzo zokumelana zinenkinga enkulu: Ama-infestans we-Phytophthora angashintsha izakhi zofuzo ngokushesha, ngenxa yalokho amaprotheni we-avirulence awasabonwa futhi impendulo yomzimba ingenzeki. Sibe sesithi izinhlobo zofuzo zokumelana 'sezephukile'. Lokhu (ngeshwa) indawo ejwayelekile.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, isibalo esikhulu sezakhi zofuzo zokumelana nesifo siye sahlukaniswa nezinhlobo zamazambane asendle, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu naseMelika Ephakathi. Kodwa-ke, lezi zakhi zofuzo zokumelana zinenkinga enkulu: Ama-infestans we-Phytophthora angashintsha izakhi zofuzo ngokushesha, ngenxa yalokho amaprotheni we-avirulence awasabonwa futhi impendulo yomzimba ingenzeki. Sibe sesithi izinhlobo zofuzo zokumelana 'sezephukile'. Lokhu (ngeshwa) indawo ejwayelekile.
I-Solanum americanum
Abaphenyi abavela eNgilandi, ngokubambisana neWageningen University & Research (BHALA) kanye nabaphenyi abakanye nabo eJalimane, baphumelele ekuhlukaniseni izakhi zofuzo zokumelana nobubanzi obubanzi kuSolanum americanum. Lesi sitshalo saziwa ngokungathintwa yisifo esisheshayo.
Izinhlobo zofuzo ezintsha ezimele zodwa (Rpi-amr1) zibonakala zinezici ezithile ezikhethekile. Isibonelo, bayazibona izakhi zofuzo ezivikelwe (Avramr1) zezifo ze-Phytophthora infestans. Lezi zakhi zofuzo ezilondoloziwe aziguquki ngokushesha futhi zibonakala zigcinwa nakwezinye izinhlobo eziningi zePhytophthora eziyingozi kwezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo.
Ukumelana okubanzi nokuhlala isikhathi eside
Yize zihluka kancane komunye nomunye, okuhlukile ngakunye kwe-Rpi-amr1 kuvumela isitshalo ukuthi sithole amaprotheni afanayo we-virulence. Ukuhlolwa kokutheleleka okunesethi ebanzi yama-infestans angu-1 wehlukaniswe ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene kuyaqinisekisa ukuthi ukumelana ne-Rpi-amr1 kubanzi kakhulu. Akukho P. infestans yokuzihlukanisa engathinta amaqabunga amazambane aguqulwe nge-Rpi-amrXNUMX.
Futhi njengoba izitshalo ze-Solanum americanum zaziwa njenge-'in-host 'ye-Phytophthora, ingcindezi yokukhetha kuhlobo lwe-avirulence izokwehla kakhulu. Ngakho-ke kulindeleke ukuthi ukumelana ne-Rpi-amr1 kuhlale isikhathi eside kakhulu kunalokho okungatholwa ngezinye izinhlobo zofuzo zokumelana.
UMaris Piper
Uhlobo lokumelana ne-Rpi-amr1 manje selihlanganiswa nezinye izakhi zofuzo zokumelana (i-Rpi-amr3 ne-Rpi-vnt1) kumazambane wezentengiselwano uMaris Piper. Imigqa yamazambane evelayo ayivikelekile ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene kakhulu ze-Phytophthora ehlukanisa.
Ozakwethu bephrojekthi Ucwaningo lwenziwe ngokubambisana neThe Sainsbury Laboratory kanye neJohn Innes Centre eNorwich, Amanyuvesi ase-East Anglia, Leesd naseHull kanye neTechnical University yaseMunich.