Ukuhlanganiswa kwezitshalo eziniselwa ngenkasa kudonsela ukulethwa kwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ngamanzi okunisela ngqo ohlelweni lwempande.
Futhi ikwenza ngamanani aqondile adingekayo ekulawuleni izinambuzane ezingabizi kakhulu. Kuphinde kunciphise ukuvezwa kwabasebenzi emithini yokubulala izinambuzane ngokususa izicelo zokubulala izinambuzane ukutshala amahlamvu. Njengoba abalimi abaningi baseNtshonalanga sebevele basebenzise ukuchelela nge-drip ukwenza ngcono ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, ukuguqula uhlelo ukuthi lunikeze nezibulala-zinambuzane kunengqondo. Inikeza abalimi ithuluzi lokuphatha izinambuzane elizwakala kahle emvelweni.
Amathiphu wokusebenzisa kahle i-chemigation
Ukupheka ngamakhemikhali ngempumelelo kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezihlelekile kuncike ekulethweni kahle kwenhlanganisela ezimpandeni ezikhula ngentshiseko. Ngaphambi kokufaka imishanguzo yokubulala izinambuzane ngohlelo lokunisela ngenkasa, cabanga ngezinto ezimbalwa zezolimo nezamakhemikhali ezingathinta umphumela.
1. Izinhlobo zezimpande
Isikhathi sokufakwa kwamakhemikhali sizohluka ngosayizi wesitshalo nohlobo lwempande. Ukufakelwa kanye nezithombo kunendawo enezimpande ezincane uma kuqhathaniswa nezitshalo ezinkulu, ezikhule ngokwengeziwe, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile zidinga izikhathi ezimfishane zamakhemikhali. Kunoma ikuphi, izimpande zizothatha kuphela imishanguzo yokubulala izinambuzane lapho izitshalo zinomswakama owanele womhlabathi wokukhula kwezitshalo. Ngokufanayo, izinhlobo zezimpande nazo zingathinta ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali. Izitshalo zeBrassica Njenge-broccoli neklabishi (amazambane) athanda ukuba nezinhlelo ezingajulile, ezinezimpande futhi azoba nezidingo ezihlukile zokunisela kune-deep, tap-root, cantaloupe efana nezitshalo.
2. Izakhiwo zenhlabathi
Amanzi okuchelela ahamba ngamazinga okugeleza aphakeme kakhulu emhlabathini onesihlabathi, onesihlabathi uma kuqhathaniswa nenhlabathi enombala omuhle. Ngakho-ke, ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi kunomthelela ebuningini bokunisela nobude besikhathi futhi kungacacisa ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane zisetshenziswa kanjani ezinhlelweni zokudonsa. Inani lezinto eziphilayo emhlabathini lingaphinde libe nomthelela ekuhambeni kwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ngesikhathi sokudonswa ngamakhemikhali. Isibonelo, i-imidacloprid ijwayele ukubopha enhlabathini enezinto eziphakeme eziphilayo, kunciphise inani lezibulala-zinambuzane ezitholakalela ukutholwa kwezimpande. Akumangalisi ukuthi i-imidacloprid isebenza ngokuncane ekulweni nezinye izinambuzane emhlabathini ophakeme ophakeme, omhlabathi.
3. Izakhiwo zokubulala izinambuzane
Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi ukuhamba kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuzonquma isikhathi esifanele sokufakwa kwamakhemikhali e-drip. Ukunyakaza kwezibulala-zinambuzane emhlabathini kuthonywe kakhulu ukuncibilika kwamanzi kanye nokwahlukana kokulingana.
Isibonelo, i-imidacloprid ne-chlorantraniliprole inokuncibilika kwamanzi okuphansi kanye ne-coefficients ephansi yokuhlukanisa futhi ayihambisi kakhulu enhlabathini. Ngakho-ke, lapho ufaka amakhemikhali ezinhlelweni zokudonsa, kufanele ujove lawa ma-insecticide ekuqaleni kokuniselwa kokunisela okulandelwa yisikhathi eside sokunisela ukusunduza ikhompiyutha ngangokunokwenzeka endaweni yezimpande.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-dinotefuran inokuncibilika kwamanzi okuphezulu kakhulu futhi ihamba kakhulu emhlabathini. Yijove ngasekupheleni komjikelezo wokunisela ukuze uvimbele ukuthi kungangeni ezimpandeni. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa inani elifanele lokunisela ngokusebenzisa amanzi ngohlelo lokudonsa ngesikhathi nangemva kokufakwa kwamakhemikhali. Ukuthi amanzi anganele noma ngokweqile angabambezela ukuthathwa kwezimpande nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane.
4. Ukubekwa kwetapeipu
Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa uketshezi lwamakhemikhali, cabanga lapho kutholakale khona iteyipu yedrophu ehlobene nokukhula kwezimpande. Ezinhlelweni ze-subsurface drip ezivamile ekukhiqizweni kwamakhabe, ukujula kweteyipu engezansi kwenhlabathi kungathinta isikhathi sokufaka isicelo. Isibonelo, ukufaka amakhemikhali e-imidacloprid emakhabe asogwadule kuthebhu ye-subsurface drip engcwatshwe ngamasentimitha ayi-6 kuye kwayi-8 ngaphansi kombhede kuvamise ukufakwa ngemuva kokuvela kwezithombo lapho izimpande sezimisiwe eduze kwetape. Emifino eminingi enamaqabunga lapho kufakwa i-drip tape ebusweni bomhlaba, kunokuguquguquka okwengeziwe kumakhemikhali wesikhathi.
Qaphela: Izingxenye zalesi sihloko zifingqiwe kusukela encwadini ebhalwe nguGerald Ghidiu, uThomas Kukar, uJohn Palumbo, noDavid Schuster enesihloko esithi “Ukuchithwa Kwemithi Yezibulala-zinambuzane njengethuluzi Lokuphatha Izinambuzane Emkhiqizweni Wemifino”Okutholakala kuyi- Journal of Integrated Pest Management.