Ezolimo zibhekwa njengesiphazamiso esikhulu ezimisweni zemvelo—ukubuyiselwa komhlaba wokulima owonakele noma osetshenziswe ngokusemthethweni kungase kuthathe isikhathi eside.
Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokungenelela kokubuyisela okusebenzayo, lokhu kubuyiselwa kungathatha isikhathi eside kakhulu futhi kuvame ukungapheleli, njengoba kuboniswa ithimba labacwaningi eliholwa yi-German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig University (UL), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU) kanye neHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ Center for Environmental Research). Ucwaningo lwabo, olwashicilelwa ngo Ijenali ye-Ecology, isikhanyisela ngenqubo yokubuyisela ezilinganisweni ezihlukene ezindaweni zezolimo zangaphambili, ikhomba ukungenelela okuqondile kokubuyisela okungasiza izinhlobonhlobo zemvelo ukuba zilulame.
Ukusetshenziswa komhlaba njengokuguqula izindawo zemvelo ku izindawo zezolimo iwumshayeli obaluleke kakhulu wokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa-ke, umuntu angase acabange ukuthi, uma kunikezwe isikhathi esanele, ukususwa kweziphazamiso ezinkulu ze-anthropogenic kuzovumela izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ukuthi zilulame. Ukubuyiselwa kwemvelo kuyisayensi kanye nomkhuba wokuqondisa nokusheshisa ukutholakala kwemvelo ephazamisekile. Ngokuvumelana neThagethi yesi-2 ye-Global Biodiversity Framework esanda kwamukelwa ye-UN Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), okungenani amaphesenti angama-30 ezindawo ezonakalisiwe zasemhlabeni, amanzi amaphakathi nezwe, kanye nemvelo yasogwini nezasolwandle kufanele zibe ngaphansi kokubuyiselwa okusebenzayo ngo-2030.
Ukuze bathole okwengeziwe ngale nqubo yokubuyisela ezindaweni zezolimo zangaphambili, abacwaningi balinganise ukutholakala kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokwakheka kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezindaweni ezinotshani ezipholile ezingu-17 e-Minnesota (US). Lezi zindawo ezinotshani zalinywa futhi zasetshenziselwa ukulima, kodwa amasimu ahlukene ayekwa phakathi kuka-1927 no-2015 ukuze kulandelwe ukulandelana kwemvelo nokubuyiswa kwezimila.
Abacwaningi baqhathanise lezi zindawo ezilahliwe nezingosi ezingakaze zilinywe, ezisebenze njengereferensi nokuthi izinhlelo zemvelo zingabukeka kanjani. “Ebesifuna ukukwazi ukuthi zingabuya ngokushesha kangakanani izikhotha eziphazamiseke ngokuphelele izinto eziphilayo uma besala belulama. Ukuqonda leyo nqubo yokutakula kungasinika ukuqonda kokuthi singasiza kanjani futhi sikusheshise sisebenzisa ukubuyisela,” kusho umbhali wokuqala u-Emma Ladouceur wakwa-iDiv, MLU kanye no-UL, ophinde abe ngumcwaningi oyisivakashi e-UFZ.
Ngemva kweminyaka engu-80, ukunotha kwezinhlobo zezilwane kwakusemuva
Abacwaningi bathole ukuthi ngisho nangemva kweminyaka engu-80, amasimu ashiywe angakalulami ngokwawo uma kuqhathaniswa neziza ezingakaze zilinywe. Inani lezinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane emasimini amadala lalilinganiselwa ku-65% walezo zindawo ezingakaze zilinywe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo zezitshalo ezihlala endaweni zalulama ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa hhayi ngokuphelele. Lapho amasimu eqala ukululama, aqoqwa yizinhlobo zezilwane ezazihlukile ezindaweni ezindala zasensimini, njengezinhlobo eziningi ezinokhula nezikwazi ukumelana nokuphazamiseka.
Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, izici eziningi zezindawo ezingakaze ziphazamiseke zahlanganiswa futhi zanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, kulo lonke ucwaningo, babengu-63 izinhlobo zomdabu ehlukile ezindaweni ezingakaze zilinywe, futhi amasimu amadala alulama ayenotshani nokhula olwengeziwe.
Ocwaningweni lwabo, abacwaningi bagxile ekubuyiseleni izinkambu ezindala ngaphandle kwemizamo esebenzayo yokubuyisela ukukhuthaza le nqubo. Ngosizo lwalolu lwazi, izenzo zokubuyisela zingaklanywa ukusiza lawa masistimu ukuthi alulame kangcono.
“Ngokubhekisisa i- Ukutakula ukwakheka kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezilinganisweni ezihlukene, singathola umqondo ongcono wokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezilwane ezingase ziqondiswe ekwelapheni kokubuyisela, nokuthi singasiza kanjani lezi zinhlelo zilulame kangcono,” kuchaza omunye umbhali uStan Harpole, uprofesa we-MLU kanye nenhloko ye-Physiological Diversity e-iDiv ne-UFZ.
“Izindlela eziqondile zokubuyisela zingabandakanya ukuhlwanyela noma ukutshalwa kwezinhlobo esaziyo ukuthi aziyona ingxenye yokwakhiwa kwamasimu avuselelwayo, kuhlangene nokuphathwa kwezinhlobo zamanye amazwe ukuze kuncishiswe ukuncintisana nemvelo. zinhlobo,” kunezela u-Emma Ladouceur.
“Ngocwaningo lwethu, sibonisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa idatha ebalulekile neyivelakancane esikalini eside futhi sibheka amaphethini abalulekile ancike endaweni kungaholela emiphumeleni esebenzayo ehambisana ngqo nenqubomgomo. Isibonelo, imiphumela yethu ingasetshenziselwa ukunikeza umongo obalulekile wokuqonda ukubuyiselwa imiphumela kanye nokuhlosiwe njengengxenye yezinkundla zamazwe ngamazwe njengeNkomfa Yesizwe Kazwelonke Yezinto Eziphilayo Ehlangene (COP15),” kusho umbhali ophezulu u-Jonathan Chase, uprofesa we-MLU kanye nenhloko ye-Biodiversity Synthesis kwa-iDiv.