Iphrojekthi ye-EuroBlight ibheka ukuvela okuqhubekayo kwesifo samazambane sekwephuzile i-pathogen (Phytophthora infestans)
Ngo-2017, cishe amasampula ayi-1500 avela emazweni ayi-16 eYurophu abhalwa genotyped.
Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ama-clone amasha aqhubeka nokusabalala.
Okutholakele kwakamuva
Cishe ama-75% amasampula ayengawolayini bomugqa ochaziwe abuye abonwa ezinkathini ezedlule.
Amanye ama-clones asabalele futhi abekhona eYurophu isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi, kepha ama-clones amathathu aqhamukayo (i-EU_37_A2, i-EU_36_A2 ne-EU_41) andise imvamisa yawo ehlanganisiwe kusuka ku-10% ngo-2016 kuya ku-28% wabantu ngo-2017.
Esikhathini esifanayo, i-genotype 13_A2 yehle isuka ngaphezulu kwama-30% yaya ngaphansi kuka-20% wabantu.
Ingxenye yesine yabantu, ikakhulukazi evela engxenyeni yeNordic yaseYurophu, iqukethe okwexeshana, ukwahlukahluka kofuzo okuhambisana ne-oocore borne inoculum. Iphethini yesifunda ecacile ekubuseni kwama-clones kuqhathaniswa nezakhi zokuhlanganisa zocansi kwabonwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Eminye imiphumela yalokhu kususwa kwabantu nezinguquko eziqhubekayo kuyaxoxwa ngazo.
Indlela yokusebenzisa
Kusukela yafika ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ama-Phytophthora infestans, imbangela yamazambane okulimaza sekwedlule isikhathi, ahlala eyisongo esikhulu ekukhiqizeni amazambane aseYurophu. Yize manje sesihlonyiselwe kangcono ukulawula lesi sifo kunangesikhathi esedlule, inani labantu eliguqukayo lamagciwane liyaqhubeka nokuphonsela inselelo izindlela zokuphatha ezihlanganisiwe.
Izinguquko ezisheshayo ku-P. infestans populations ezibangela ukulimala sekwephuzile eYurophu, eMelika nase-Asia, kufaka phakathi ukuvela kwezinhlobo ezinobudlova obukhuphukile noma ukunciphisa ukuzwela kwe-fungicide, kuye kwabonwa. Impela, ushintsho ku-P. infestans populations lunomthelela ngqo ekwakhiweni nasekutshalweni kwezilimo ezingamelani, ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zokuxwayisa ngezifo kanye nokusebenza kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo.
(Chofoza ukuze wandise)
Isibonelo secala lokulimaza sekwephuzile elifakwe ku-database ye-Euroblight
Ngakho-ke, ukuqapha okuhlangene nokuqhubekayo kwe-pathogen kwahlongozwa yi-EuroBlight consortium emhlanganweni wayo ngo-2013, futhi manje isetshenziswa njengomsebenzi wokuqapha obanzi we-EU, kubandakanya bonke ababambiqhaza.
Siyaqhubeka nokuqapha abantu futhi sibonakalise ama-genotypes angenayo ukusiza ukwenza amasu we-IPM, njengoba kudingeka Isiqondisi se-EU 2009/128 / EC ekusetshenzisweni okusimeme kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo.
Isibonelo sesampula elilodwa le-FTA Card. Amakhadi we-FTA ajwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukuthatha nokugcina amasampula we-DNA.
Njengakwiminyaka eyedlule, 'amakhadi e-FTA' asatshalaliswa kubahloli besifo kuyo yonke imboni, ababevakashele izitshalo ezitheleleke ngokulimala. Amacembe agulayo acindezelwa emakhadini abuyiselwa emalabhorethri lapho i-pathogen DNA yathathwa khona iminwe eJames Hutton Institute nase-INRA Rennes. Idatha ye-DNA yeminwe ichaza izizukulwane ze-clonal ze-pathogen, futhi ihlanganiswe nedatha yendawo ye-geo ukuhlela ukwahlukahlukana kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ingcindezi yezifo ngo-2017 yayiphansi kunaleyo yango-2016, eyanciphisa imvamisa yokusampula nokusatshalaliswa kancane.
Cishe amasampula ayi-1500 aqoqwa ngozakwethu abangaphezu kwama-20 emazweni ayi-16 aseYurophu. Njengaseminyakeni edlule, kufakwa imininingwane yomkhankaso we-AHDB 'Fight Against Blight' wezitshalo eziseGreat Britain (GB). Kufakwe nedatha evela kozakwethu ku- Iphrojekthi ye-IPMBlight2.0, nayo edala idatha ye-pathogen phenotype ukusekela amasu e-IPM. Imininingwane ehlanganisiwe kusuka ku-2013-2017 manje iqukethe amasampula angaphezu kwama-6347 avela emazweni angama-34. Ngokuxhaswa ngamaqembu wamazwe omhlaba, idatha nayo yafakwa ezingxenyeni ezithile ze-Asia, iNingizimu Melika kanye neNyakatho Afrika.
okutholakele
Eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, ama-60-79% wabantu abenezizukulwane ezaziwayo ze-clonal eziphindaphinda isizini ngayinye. Amasampula asele kwakuyizinoveli, izakhi zofuzo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu ezitholakala endaweni eyodwa ngenkathi eyodwa futhi zihlelwe esigabeni esibizwa ngokuthi 'Okunye' (ngezansi).
(Chofoza ukuze uthole imininingwane esebenzisanayo)
Ukwenza imephu kwama-genotypes ama-Phytophthora infestans atholakele kulo lonke elaseYurophu kusampuli ye-EuroBlight ngonyaka ka-2017. Chofoza isithombe ukuze uthole inguqulo esebenzisana nale mephu. (Ngokuzithoba: I-Euroblight 2018)
Ngo-2017, i-clone EU_13_A2 (eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-13) yehle isuka kuma-31% wamasampuli yaya ku-19%, ngokokuqala ngqa, eyayiphansi kunaleyo ye-EU_6_A1 (23%).
Ukusatshalaliswa komhlaba wonke kwe-clone enobudlova i-EU_13_A2 kanye nokumelana kwayo ne-metalaxyl kuyaqhubeka nokuthinta ukusebenza ngempumelelo eYurophu, ezingxenyeni ezithile ze-Asia naseNyakatho Afrika, kuqinisa isidingo semininingwane yamagciwane ukusekela izindlela ezinhle kakhulu ze-IPM.
Imvamisa ye-EU_6_A1 ibizinzile, kepha lesi sigaxa sihlala senziwe sendawo ku-GB, eFrance kanye nesampula elilodwa laseBelgium.
Ukuvama kwe-EU_1_A1 kuqhubeke kwehla kusuka ku-4.5 kuye ku-2.2% wabantu, futhi kwatholakala emazweni afanayo ne-EU_6_A1.
Ama-clones amathathu amasha asuse ama-genotypes angenhla futhi andisa ububanzi bawo ngo-2017.
- I-Genotype EU_36_A2 yaqala ukwenziwa isampula ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene eziphansi ezindaweni zamazambane isitashi eJalimane naseNetherlands ngo-2014 nango-2015.
Ngaphezulu kuka-2016 nango-2017, izehlakalo zayo zanda zisuka ku-3.7 zaya ku-8.8% wabantu, futhi sezisabalele iNetherlands yaya eBelgium, GB, eDenmark nasePoland. - I-Genotype EU_37_A2 itholwe okokuqala eNoordoostpolder eNetherlands ngonyaka we-2013, futhi yahlala yasendaweni ngemvamisa ephansi ngo-2014 nango-2015.
Ikhuphuke yaya ku-5.5% wesampula labantu ngo-2016, kwathi ngo-2017 yafinyelela ku-14.4%, nayo yasungulwa eNgilandi, eBelgium nasenyakatho yeFrance. - I-Genotype EU_41 yaqoshwa okokuqala eDenmark ngo-2013.
Manje sekusungulwe, okwenza u-4.5% wabantu baka-2017 futhi basakazekele eningizimu yeNorway naseSweden nasenyakatho yePoland ngephethini ehambisana nokuhlakazeka okuvela emoyeni. Uhlobo lokuvivinya lwe-EU_41 lulindile.
Ukusinda nokusabalala kwalawa ma-clone, lapho amanye ancipha noma ehlulekile ukusungula, kusikisela ukuthi kufanelekile ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi kungadala izinselelo ekulawuleni izifo.
Ukwehla kokuzwela kwe-fluazinam kwaba kubika i-EU_37_A2 yi-Wageningen University ngo-2017, okuyi ezinomthelela emisebenzini yokuphatha. Kodwa-ke, akukho lwazi olusatholakala ngokuzwela kwamanye ama-clone kuzithako ezisebenzayo ze-fungicide.
Okokugcina, amasampula 'Okunye' okunezakhi zofuzo aqukethe ama-25% wabantu, futhi ahlala ebangeni eliphakeme kakhulu empumalanga nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeYurophu. Ngokuphikisana namanye ama-clone, izici ezinazo izihlukanisi 'Zokunye' namanye ama-clone azikaziwa. Kodwa-ke, i- Iphrojekthi ye-IPMBlight2.0 iqalile ucwaningo oluningiliziwe ngezimpawu zokuhlukaniswa okuhlanganisayo kwezocansi kanye nokusiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuphathwa kokubhujiswa kwesikhathi kanye nokubikezela.
Ukuhlukahluka kofuzo kwesibalo sabantu bango-2017 kungabonwa kusetshenziswa ithuluzi lokuhlaziya (poppr 2.0) elixhunywe ku-database ye-EuroBlight pathogen. Ubuncane benethiwekhi yokuthwebula (ngezansi) ikhombisa ukwakheka kwabantu kwe-2017, kufaka kuphela ama-clones akhonjiwe. Ukwehlukahluka okubonakalayo kwe-sub-clonal ngaphakathi kohlu lweminyaka engu-13 ubudala lwe-EU_13_A2 kuyabonwa kuqhathaniswa nalokhu kuma-clones 'amancane'. Ukuzihlukanisa 'nokunye' (okungakhonjisiwe) kuhlukahluka kofuzo futhi kusatshalaliswa kuyo yonke inethiwekhi. Ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kuyaqhubeka ukuhlola ushintsho lwabantu kusetshenziswa la mathuluzi.
(Chofoza ukuze wandise)
Ukwehluka kofuzo kowezi-2017 Ama-infestans ama-Phytophthora inani labantu liboniswe nge-poppr 2.0 (ubuncane benethiwekhi yokuthwebula)
Imodeli ye-EuroBlight yokulandelela i-pathogen iyindlela esheshayo, ebiza imali futhi ehlelekile yokuqonda ukuvela kwe-pathogen esikalini saseYurophu. Imininingwane yama-clones evelele idluliselwe kubalimi, abeluleki, abafuyi kanye nezinkampani ze-agrochemical ukuhlinzeka ngezeluleko zokuphatha ezisebenzayo kanye nokwakha amasu wesikhathi eside. Imininingwane ihlinzeka ngesexwayiso sokuqala kwesehlakalo nokusabalala kwama-clones amanoveli anika impendulo efanelekile evela embonini.
Inethiwekhi ye-EuroBlight iyaqhubeka nokuvumelanisa izindlela namanye amanethiwekhi emazweni aseMelika nase-Asia futhi ikhuthaza ukusebenzisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwamaqembu abandakanyeka ekuphatheni okulimaza sekwephuzile ukuxhaphaza i-database kanye namathuluzi wokuthuthukisa ukuqwashisa nokuphathwa kwezifo emhlabeni wonke.