Kubonakala sengathi inkathi ngayinye yokukhula iletha isethi entsha yezinselele zokukhiqiza ezihlobene nesimo sezulu noma izinambuzane ezintsha. Kodwa-ke, kukhona nezindaba zokukhiqiza okudingeka zibhekwe minyaka yonke, futhi ukungazinaki kubeka engcupheni umonakalo kuso sonke isilimo. Enye inkinga eqhubekayo okufanele ixazululwe minyaka yonke iwukuphatha imihuzuko. Zimbalwa kakhulu izinto ezingonakalisa inani lemakethe lesivuno esihle ngokushesha njengokulimaza okukhulu.
Intwasahlobo iyisikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokuqala ukuhlela uhlelo lwakho lokuvimbela imihuzuko. Lesi sihloko sifingqa izici eziyisithupha ezibalulekile ezithonya inani lomonakalo we-tuber. Ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokuphathwa kokulimala lungatholakala ku-Idaho Centre for Potato Iwebhusayithi yoCwaningo Nezemfundo ku:
- 1) Isimo somhlabathi - Noma yini eyenza ukuhlukaniswa kwenhlabathi nezilimo eziyizigaxa ngesikhathi sokuvuna kube nzima kakhulu kunamandla okwandisa imihuzuko. Ngakho amagaqa akhiwe kule ntwasahlobo angase abuye azodala izinkinga ekwindla elandelayo. Amaclod kunzima ukubhekana nawo ngesikhathi sokuvuna ngoba cishe yonke into esetshenziselwa ukuwasusa (ama-shaker, amatafula e-roller, njll.) anamandla okulimaza izilimo eziyizigaxa. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokubhekana namahlule ukuvimba ukwakheka kwawo ngokulandela izitshalo ezinensalela ephezulu, ukulungisa umbhede wenhlabathi ovundile, ojulile, nokugwema ukulima lapho umhlabathi umanzi kakhulu. Izimo zokuswakama komhlaba ngesikhathi sokuvuna nazo zibalulekile, njengoba izimo ezimanzi kakhulu noma ezomile zenza kube inselele ukuhlukaniswa komhlabathi.
- 2) Isimo se-Tuber - Izinga lokushisa le-Tuber, izinga le-hydration (ukuqina) nokuvuthwa kuyasebenzisana ukuze kuthonye ukuthinteka kwenxeba. Ngokuvamile, lapho izinga lokushisa liphansi le-pulp, ama-tubers asengozini kakhulu kokubili ukuphahlazeka kanye nokulimaza kwamabala amnyama. Amazinga okushisa e-pulp angaphansi kuka-45oF enza kube nzima kakhulu ukuphatha amazambane ngaphandle kokudala umonakalo omkhulu wokulimala. Uma amazambane enamanzi kakhulu noma ecwebile, kuba lula kakhulu ukuphahlazeka. Ngokuphambene, amazambane aphelelwe amanzi emzimbeni asengozini yokulimaza amabala amnyama. Ngokunjalo, njengoba izitshalo zivuthwa, izilimo eziyizigaxa ziba lula ukuthola ukulimala kwamabala amnyama. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezihlala enhlabathini eyomile ngaphansi kwezivini ezifile noma ezifayo zingaba lula kakhulu endaweni emnyama, ngakho-ke kungcono kakhulu ukubulala nokuvuna ngaphambi kokuba imivini ifinyelele kuleso sigaba.
- 3) Umsebenzi wokuvuna – Uma izilimo eziyizigaxa zisengozini yokulimala, kubaluleke kakhulu ukusebenzisa isivuni ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Ukufeza umsebenzi wokuvuna osezingeni eliphezulu kudinga ukwehlisa ukwehla, izindawo ezithinta umthelela, kanye nokubeka isivinini sochungechunge maqondana nesivinini somhlabathi ukuze amaketango okuvuna agcwale umthamo. Uma umthamo wezinto (izilimo eziyizigaxa nomhlabathi) odlula phezu kweketango ngalinye ungafaniswa nomthamo walelo ketango, khona-ke umonakalo ngenxa yokunyakaza kwe-tuber ngokweqile, ukubuyisela emuva, namaconsi kungancishiswa.
- 4) Gcoba ngemva kokuvuna – Ukufaka amazambane elolini elinomonakalo omncane kumane kuyisiqalo sohlelo lokunciphisa imihuzuko. Kubikwe ukuthi cishe u-30% wawo wonke umonakalo otholakala kuma-tubers endaweni yokugcina kwenzeka ngemva kokuvuna. Ukuncishiswa kokulimala ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa kwamaloli nokunqwabelana kuhlanganisa ukunciphisa amaconsi, ukufanisa isivinini sokuthutha nevolumu ye-tuber, kanye nokunqwabelanisa ngendlela eqhubekayo, ehamba kancane ukuze kuncishiswe izigaxa eziginqika phansi ebusweni benqwaba.
- 5) Bruise endleleni eya emakethe - Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi amazambane angathola umonakalo omkhulu ngesikhathi sokupakisha, ukuthunyelwa nokwamukela imisebenzi. Ngenhlanhla, izinga lomonakalo odalwe phakathi nalezi zinyathelo zokuphatha lingancishiswa kakhulu ngokwenza ukuguqulwa okuncane okufana nokwehlisa amaconsi, ukugcwalisa imishini kumthamo kanye namaphoyinti okuthinta umthelela.
- 6) Isici somuntu - Imisebenzi eminingi yokuphatha amazambane yenziwa ngemishini, kodwa cishe kuhlale kunesici somuntu esihilelekile ekuphatheni leyo mishini ngendlela enciphisa imihuzuko. Ukuthatha isikhathi sokufundisa abasebenzi mayelana nokuvimbela imihuzuko kufanele kube yingxenye ejwayelekile yokulungiselela kwakho isivuno.
Ukulimala kwenzeka noma nini lapho izambane lithinta enye indawo, ngokuvamile ngesikhathi sokuvunguza, ukuvuna, ukuthutha, kanye nakuyo yonke inqubo yokuphatha nokupakisha. Imivimbo ivame kakhulu ngemuva kokuwa kwamazambane ukusuka ekuphakameni okubalulekile; shaya izindonga zensimbi ze-conveyor; uhlangabezana nezinguquko ezisheshayo endleleni; kanye/noma zishayisane nezinto ezinganamaphedi anganele. Ngokuhambisana namandla, ukusheshisa, ukuphakama kokwehla, kanye nendawo yomthelela, izinga lokukhula kokulimala lincike ezicini ze-tuber ezifana ne-cultivar kanye nezinga lokushisa le-pulp. Ngakho-ke, ukwazi ukusabela kwe-cultivar emthelela womzimba kanye nobungozi bokukhula kokulimala kuyinzuzo ekwakheni uhlelo lokuvimbela imihuzuko.
Imihuzuko ye-Shatter kanye ne-blackspot yiziphambeko ezimbili eziyinhloko ezithonya ikhwalithi yamazambane. Kokubili kubangelwa umthelela wamandla angaphandle futhi kungenzeka kumazambane afanayo. Ukulimala kwe-Shatter kwenzeka lapho amandla omthelela angaphandle emakhulu ngokwanele ukuba enze amaseli aqhume ngokuphuka ngokomzimba isikhumba, lapho enza khona imifantu noma ukusikeka. Nakuba amandla angase angasiphuli isikhumba, uma elimaza amangqamuzana angaphansi, i-blackspot bruise izoqala ukuvela emahoreni ambalwa. Ukushintsha kombala okumnyama kwenzeka lapho inhlanganisela ye-phenolic yamaseli alimele (isb, i-tyrosine) ifakwa i-enzyme i-polyphenol oxidase ibe nemibala emnyama ebizwa ngokuthi i-melanin.
Kokubili ukulimala kokulimala kubi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma kubangela ukulahlekelwa okuqondile nokungaqondile. Ukulahlekelwa kungase kube ngenxa yokulahlwa okuqondile, ukwaliwa kwamakhasimende, ukuncipha kwesisindo, nokubola ngenxa yezifo. Ngo-1993, ukwehla ngo-10% kokulimala kwalinganiselwa ukuthi kuzobuyisela enye imali eyizigidi ezingama-74.7 zamadola embonini yamazambane yaseMelika. Ukulungisa kuphela ukwehla kwamandla emali, lokho kuthuthukiswa okungu-10% kuzolingana namaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-134 ngo-2020. Noma ngabe yikuphi ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi kulithuthukisa kakhulu inani lezomnotho lamazambane.
Uma kubhekwa imiphumela yezomnotho yokulinyazwa kwamazambane, kubalulekile ukuhlonza ngokushesha i-shatter kanye ne-blackspot bruising kanye nokukhomba lapho umthelela wethonya lenzeka khona emsebenzini. Lo mbiko uhlinzeka ngamathuluzi abalulekile nezindlela zokuthola ezizosiza ukwenza izinqumo eziphumelelayo zokuphatha ukuze kuncishiswe imihuzuko futhi ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise izinkinga zekhwalithi.