Ngaphezu kwethu sonke, abatshali bamazambane bangaxolelwa ngokufuna ukubeka u-2020 esibukweni sokubuka emuva. Kusukela ezinkontilekeni ezikhanseliwe kuze kube sekucutshungweni kokuvalwa kwezitshalo, ubhadane lube nemiphumela yalo — kodwa futhi lusebenzise ukusheshisa nokwenza ihaba izitayela ezikhona eziya ekuhlukanisweni, ekuhlolweni, nasentuthukweni yecebo lokunisela.
Nawa amaphethini amathathu achaza imboni yamazambane ngo-2020.
1. Okamazambane ikakhulukazi, izinxushunxushu ezihlwanyelwe nge-COVID-19
Ngaphezulu kakhulu kwezinye izitshalo zempahla, imakethe yamazambane ibhekane nokuphazamiseka okungakaze kube khona njenge umphumela wobhadane lomhlaba wonke. Isidingo sendawo yokudlela sehle kakhulu ngama-30% ngemuva kwama-oda wokuhlala ekhaya, kuyilapho okufunwa abathengisi kunyuka njengoba abathengi bepheka ekhaya.
Ngenkathi lezi zimakethe zathinta wonke umkhakha wezolimo, amazambane — atshalwa kusetshenziswa okusha noma eqandisiwe asevele esemqondweni, futhi angenakuphila ekugcinweni isikhathi eside njengezinye izinto zempahla — kwakunzima kakhulu. Abalimi baphinde bathinteka ukuvalwa nokulibaziseka kokucubungula izitshalo, ezinye zazo ezivale noma zanciphisa ukukhiqizwa amasonto ambalwa ukwenza ukuhlanza okujulile nokusebenzisa izindlela zokuphepha ukuvikela abasebenzi.
"Ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokutshala sika-2020, amaprosesa amaningi kanye nabathengisi basika ngokushesha amahektare anezinkontileka amazambane athosiwe ngo-10-20%," kusho u-Andy Robinson, a INorth Dakota State University Extension isazi sezolimo namahlathi. "Isixazululo bekuwukutshala lawo mahektare amazambane aye kwezinye izitshalo, okusho ukuthi kumele sibhekisise izindleko zokufaka nezidingo zokuchitshiyelwa kwenhlabathi okudingeka kwesinye isivuno njengommbila noma ukolweni."
2. Ukwehlukaniswa nokuqina kwavuzwa
Endaweni enesiphithiphithi esinjalo, abalimi abanokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo okuhlukahlukene kakhulu kanye nesimo sengqondo sokuhlola bakuthola kulula ukuzivumelanisa, kusho uMichelal Dunn, onguchwepheshe wezinzwa ezikude Ukubonisana kwe-Anez eMinnesota. Wabona iphethini ivela ezimeni eziguquguqukayo zango-2020: abalimi abathola izindlela zokuzivumelanisa bavame ukuba yilabo abebevele bezama amasu amasha nobuchwepheshe, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-nitrogen, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, namasu okunisela.
“Laba balimi abanenqubekela phambili abesabi ukwehluleka, uma bengafunda okuthile futhi bathuthukele kukho. Abalimi abazimisele ngezindlela zabo, futhi abakuboni ukubaluleka kokushintsha noma yini, yibo abahlupheka kakhulu kule minyaka enzima, ”usho kanje.
Iklayenti elilodwa ikakhulukazi livela kuDunn. Ngonyaka lapho abanye bengavinjelwa ekuthatheni ukugembula, lo mlimi wamazambane wazama ukutshala uphizi oswidi wokufaka emathinini okokuqala ngqa — futhi wazuza isivuno esingama-20% ngaphezulu kunokulindelekile, ngenkathi enezindleko zokufaka eziphansi kunesivuno sommbila ukuzungezisa.
URobinson unendaba yakhe ye umlimi uchuma ezimeni eziguquguqukayo-Lesi sikhathi ngokuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo sokugingqika ngezibhakela.
"Umlimi oyedwa unqunywe inkontileka yakhe yamahektare angama-20%, ngakho-ke uthathe isinqumo sokuqhubeka nokutshala ukolweni," Ngemuva kokuthi isiqale ukukhula, abaprosesa babuya futhi bafuna lawo mahektare kumazambane. Ngenxa yokuthi isivuno samazambane sinemali eningi kakhulu kunokolweni, bekungafanele ukuthi ungene ubulale ukolweni, bese utshala lawo mahektare kumazambane. ”
3. Isu lokunisela lakhula libaluleke kakhulu
Engxenyeni enkulu yezwe, iminyaka emibili edlule ibingeke yehluke ngokwengeziwe ngokutholakala komswakama ngenkathi yokukhula. Ngenkathi i-2019 emanzi yenza izidingo ezinqunyelwe zezinhlelo zokunisela, i-2020 ibone imvula encane yasentwasahlobo kanye nesidingo esikhulu samanzi esizini yokuqala ukulungiselela umhlaba, ukusiza izitshalo ezincane ukukhula, ukugwema utwayi lwezifo.
"Ngaphandle kokunisela, unyaka owomile njengo-2020 ubuzoba nengxenye yesivuno esivunweni, kanti i-scab pathogen ibizokonakalisa amazambane amaningi," kusho uDunn. "Ukunisela kutholakale kudingekile futhi kubalulekile ukuthi kubekwe ngezikhathi ezithile zokukhula kwesitshalo samazambane."
Ngokunikezwa kokuhlukahluka kokuma komhlaba kanye nezinhlobo zenhlabathi ezifundeni eziningi ezikhulisa amazambane — kanye nokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe — i-2020 yabona intshisekelo yabakhiqizi ekunikezelweni kokunisela ngamazinga okuguquguqukayo kancane kepha ngokuqinisekile kuyanda. Indlela ye-VRA ivumela abalimi bamazambane ukuthi bahlangabezane nezidingo zokunisela zesitshalo ezinhlotsheni zomhlabathi ezomile ngenkathi begwema izindawo ezinamanzi kakhulu ezingazidingi, okubaluleke kakhulu ekugwemeni ukulahleka kwesivuno ukunqanda ukubola nokugcina ukufana.
"Sibona ukuguquguquka kwesilinganiso samanani eguquguqukayo (i-VRA) kuqhubeka ngama-pivots esikhungo, futhi kuhamba kancane kumahektare amaningi," kusho uRobinson. "Njengoba abalimi abaningi bekwazi ukusebenzisa lobo buchwepheshe, kufanele sibone isivuno esingaguquguquki."
Kuze kube sekugcineni, abakhiqizi bemishini yokunisela ngo-2020 benze inqubekela phambili kuzici ezihlinzeka ngokulawulwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinguquko zepivot, ngakho-ke ukulethwa kwamanzi nezakhi. Lokhu kuvumela ukufakwa okulula okungasetshenziswa ukwehlisa ukushisa kwezitshalo, ukufaka amakhemikhali, nokunciphisa ukuguguleka komhlaba.
Ngokuhlanganiswa nezindawo ezinembile ze-VRA — njengalezo ezenziwe ngemininingwane yasemoyeni ngo Ukucatshangelwa kweCeres-Imishini yokunisela enekhono eyengeziwe idala amathuba engeziwe ezindlela zokunemba zokuthuthukisa ukufana, okubaluleke kakhulu kumazambane kunezinye izitshalo zempahla. Njengoba abalimi befuna amathuba okukhulisa inzuzo nokuqina, funa ukutshalwa kwemali okusabalele kumathuluzi okuphatha okunisela ngonyaka ozayo.