U-75% wesitshalo samazambane utshalwa ukucutshungulwa kwezimboni kanti amaDanes akhiqiza isitashi ngasinye ngaphezulu kwesizwe.
UKWENZEKA KOKUQALA
Isitashi sakha izinqolobane ezinomsoco wezitshalo eziningi. Ngesikhathi sokukhula, amaqabunga aluhlaza aqoqa amandla elangeni. Kumazambane la mandla athuthwa njengesixazululo sikashukela ezansi nezilimo eziyizigaxa, futhi kulapho lapho ushukela uguqulwa ube yisitashi ngendlela yamagremu amancane ahlala engxenyeni enkulu yangaphakathi yeseli.
Ukuguqulwa kukashukela kusitashi kwenzeka ngama-enzyme. Bese kuthi entwasahlobo elandelayo, ama-enzyme nawo abhekele ukuguqulwa kwesitashi sibe ushukela - athuthelwe phezulu njengamandla esitshalo esikhulayo.
ISISEKELO SEZINGA LOKUQALA SIBEKWA KU-CLAMP LAMazambane.
Ensimini noma egcinwe kuzibopho ebusika, izilimo eziyizigaxa zihlala ziphila futhi zidinga umoya wokuphefumula nomsebenzi wokuphila.
Amazambane adla inani elincane lesitashi sabo ebusika ukugcina imisebenzi yokuphila kuze kube sentwasahlobo. Lokhu kudinga umoya ohlanzekile futhi ukuphefumula kubangela ukukhiqizwa kokushisa.
Uma izinga lokushisa elizungezile liwela engcupheni yesithwathwa, izilimo eziyizigaxa zizama ukonga isikhumba sazo ngokuguqula isitashi sibe ushukela ukuze kwehliswe iqhwa kujusi weseli. Uma lokhu kunganele, izilimo eziyizigaxa ziyafa. Ngakho-ke amazambane kufanele ambozwe ngokwanele lapho egcinwa.
Uma amazambane athola ukufudumala, ukuphefumula kuyanda, kukhuphula izinga lokushisa ngokuqhubekayo. Kusetshenziselwa isitashi esiningi ukuphefumula kanti nezilimo eziyizigaxa zizofa ngokushisa.
Izimo zokugcina ezingathandeki zidala ukulahleka kwesitashi futhi, esimweni esibi kakhulu, amazambane afile futhi aphihliwe, aphazamisa inqubo.
Izimpahla zamazambane amabi kufanele zenqatshwe.
Ukulimala ngesikhathi sokuhamba nakho kudala izinkinga zekhwalithi. Ukushaya ngakunye kulimaza amaseli, ngokulahleka kwesitashi nendawo efile ku-tuber ngenxa yalokho. Ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuphatha amazambane ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa ngokucophelela ngangokunokwenzeka ngamasu nemishini etholakalayo.
UkucWANISWA KOKUQALA SEKUQALILE NGESIKHATHI SOKUTHOLA IZIMPAWU ZOKUTHULA.
Drop damper yokugcwaliswa kokuqala kwesitolo esingenalutho.
Ngesikhathi sokwehlisa ifektri, umonakalo ungancishiswa ngokumboza ama-buffer nge-raber nokunciphisa umthelela wokwehla ngamakhethini enjoloba. Amazambane aphukile akhulula ujusi omningi, abangela amagwebu nezinkinga ezingenasidingo esiteshini sokuwasha.
Ukungcola okuxegayo, isihlabathi kanye nohlalu kuyasuswa esikrinini esijikelezayo ngaphambi kokuba amazambane afakwe esitolo - kungcono ukususwa kokungcola, kuncane izinkinga zamatshe nesihlabathi eziteshini ezivuthayo kamuva. Umhlabathi uqukethe nenqwaba yezakhi zomsoco, ezoncibilika emanzini okugeza futhi zibe nomthelela kumthelela wezemvelo obangelwa ukungcola.
Isitolo samazambane siyisidingo sokuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwamazambane ubusuku bonke. Izimpahla zangempelasonto zingadingeka futhi ngenxa yemikhawulo kwezokuthutha komgwaqo ezinzima ngaphandle kwamahora ajwayelekile okusebenza.
Isimo esikahle ukufinyelela phansi kwesitolo samazambane njalo ekuseni, ngoba amazambane ahlupheka ngesikhathi sokugcina isikhathi eside emigqeni eminyene engenawo umoya owanele.
UKUWASHA NGOKWENZEKA KWENZA UKULUNGISWA KOKULUNGISWA KULULA.
Umhlabathi nokungcola okungasuswanga esiteshini sokuwasha kunika izinkinga ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukugeza ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuwasha kuyinqubo yamanje yokuphikisa, ngamanzi amasha afakwa ngemibhobho yengcindezi esiteji sokugcina.
Amazambane akhishwa ngamanzi eziteshini - edlulisa isicupho samatshe - esiteshini sokuwasha. Ugibe lwetshe lusebenzisa umehluko ezilinganisweni ezithile phakathi kwamatshe namazambane - ukugeleza kwamanzi okuphezulu kuthwala amazambane phezu kogibe lwamatshe, kuyilapho amatshe anzima ebhajwe futhi aqoqwe kuthutha lamatshe.
Izinga lamanzi esigubhini sokuwasha kufanele ligcinwe liphansi ukuze amazambane angantanta. Isigubhu asigcini nje ngokuhambisa, kodwa futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi amazambane agudla ngamandla komunye nomunye. Ukuhlikihla kubalulekile ekususeni isikhunta, izindawo ezibolile, isikhumba nokungcola okuvela phezulu. Amanzi antantayo angavuselelwa kabusha ngemuva kokuhlala kwesihlabathi emachibini.
Izinga eliphakeme lokuwasha lithuthukisa ukucwenga ngoba ukungcola okuningi kufana nesitashi ngobukhulu nosayizi othile, ngakho-ke ukugeza amazambane kuyindlela kuphela yokuwasusa.
Ubuningi bokungcola okunamathela emazambane ekudilivweni kuncike kakhulu ezimweni zezulu nasenhlabathini lapho amazambane alinywa khona.
Ubuningi bamanzi asetshenziselwa ukufutha nokuwasha kuyafana nobuningi bamanzi ahlanzekile asetshenziswe ekufuthweni kwengcindezi ephezulu.
RASPING.
URasping yisinyathelo sokuqala sokukhishwa kwesitashi. Umgomo ukuvula amaseli we-tuber bese ukhipha ama-starch granules. I-slurry etholakalayo ingabhekwa njengenhlanganisela yempuphu (izindonga zamaseli), ujusi wezithelo nesitashi. Ngama-rasper wesimanje ashesha kakhulu, i-rasping kungukusebenza kokudlula okukodwa kuphela.
UKUSETSHENZISWA KWE-SULFUR.
Ijusi yeseli icebile ngoshukela namaprotheni. Lapho uvula amangqamuzana ujusi uvele ubonakale emoyeni bese uphendula nge-oxygen, kwakheke izingxenye ezinemibala, ezinganamathela kusitashi.
Ngakho-ke kufanele kungezwe i-sulfur dioxide gas noma i-sodium-bisulphite-solution. Ukwehliswa okukhulu kwamakhemikhali esulfure kuvimbela ukushintsha kombala. Isulfure eyanele kufanele ingezwe ukugcina ijusi kanye ne-pulp kukhanya kuphuzi. (Re: I-TM 23)
ISIQEPHU.
Ukuwasha okunamandla kuyadingeka ukukhipha isitashi esiphuma kumaseli - amaseli ahlukaniswa ku-rasper bese enza umata wokuhlunga ozama ukugcina isitashi. Amanzi abekade esetshenziselwa ukukhipha, kepha namuhla ukukhishwa kwenzeka ezinhlelweni ezivalekile ezivumela ukusetshenziswa kwejusi yamazambane uqobo. Kunenzuzo yokuthi ijusi ingabuye itholakale kamuva ifomu eligxilile nelingasetshenziswanga, ukunciphisa izindleko zokuhamba ukuze isetshenziswe njengomanyolo.
Isitashi esikhishwe siphume kumasefa wokukhipha kanye nejusi yezithelo, kuthi izindonga zeseli (uginindela) zimpontshwe ezinsefeni zokunisela uginindela. I-pulp ishiya ama-sieve okomisa njenge-drip-dry - cishe cishe i-8% into eyomile.
Ukukhishwa kwenzeka kuma-sieve ajikelezayo ajikelezayo, lapho amandla we-centrifugal akhulisa umthamo ngeyunithi yendawo ngayinye. Ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kukwenza kube nokwenzeka ukusebenzisa amapuleti esefu esezingeni eliphakeme enziwe ngensimbi engagqwali, ezomelana nokuhuzuka namakhemikhali e-CIP. Amapuleti esisefo anezimbobo ezinde ezingamamitha ayi-125 kuphela.
Isimiso sokusebenza se-Starch Extractor.
Ukukhishwa kuyinqubo yamanje yokuphikisa lapho isikrini sokugwinya samanzi empeleni siyisinyathelo sokugcina. Uma i-pulp idingeka cishe ngendlela eyomile, inani lemibhobho yesifutho ngamanzi okugeza liyancipha. Esikhundleni salokho ukufafaza emuva okuqhubekayo kugcinwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uginindela owomile uzokwehlisa isibuko.
OKUQUKETHWE UKUQALA KWE-CRUDE STARCH SLURRY.
Kwiyunithi ye-hydrocyclone ujusi omningi ukhishwa ngangokunokwenzeka. Isitashi sishiya i-concentrator njenge-slurry engaphepheka cishe ye-19 oBe.
Isigaba sokugxila ngokuvamile siqukethe iyunithi enamabhulokhi e-hydrocyclone we-defoaming, ukugxila kanye nokuthola isitashi okuhlelwe ngokulandelana.
UKUCWenga
Manje kusalokhu kuhlanzwa ubisi lwesitashi oluhlaza (ukumiswa) nokususa ijusi yezithelo kanye nokungcola. Indlela okwenziwa ngayo icishe icishe isuselwe ezimisweni ezifanayo ezisetshenziswayo lapho kususwa amanzi ensipho elondolo - uyasonta bese ucwilisa emanzini ahlanzekile kaninginingi. Wonke umuntu ohlanzayo uyabona ukuthi kukaningi kangakanani kudingeka ukugoqa ngaphambi kokuba amanzi ahlanzekileyo acace bha nokuthi kudingeka ukuthi ulimaze kanzima kangakanani izinyathelo ezimbalwa zokuhlanza.
Ngendlela efanayo, i-starch slurry iyahlanjululwa futhi igxilwe kaninginingi. Ukonga amanzi ahlanzwayo ukugezwa kwenziwa njengamanje - okungukuthi amanzi amasha angenayo asetshenziswa esinyathelweni sokugcina futhi ukugcwala kuchithwa kabusha ukuze kuhlanjululwe esinyathelweni esedlule njalonjalo.
AMA-HYDROCYCLONES.
Ukucwenga kusekelwe kokwehluka kobukhulu obuthile bamanzi, imicu kanye nesitashi:
Ubuningi obukhethekile g / ml | |
Isitashi | 1,55 |
Izindonga zeseli (imicu) | 1,05 |
Water | 1,00 |
Inhlabathi, isihlabathi | ngaphezu kwe-2 |
Emikhakheni enamandla adonsela phansi ye-hydrocyclone kanye ne-centrifuge, isitashi sihlala ngokushesha, kuyilapho imicu (izinsalela zempuphu) intanta nje emanzini. Ijusi lihlanjululwa ngqo emanzini futhi lihambisana nesigaba samanzi.
Ngokwakha ukugeleza kwamanzi okuya ngasesitashi, imicu eminingi entanta emanzini ingaphoqeleka ukuba ichichime. Umhlabathi, isihlabathi kanye nesikhunta esiningi njll. Kukalwa ngokulingana noma kusinda kunesitashi futhi akunakwenzeka ukuhlukanisa lezi zinhlayiya kusitashi ngamandla we-centrifugal - yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukususa ukungcola okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka ebusweni bamazambane isiteshi sokuwasha.
Yize ukungcola okuthile kuhamba nesitashi ekuchichimeni, kukhona - ngesihlungo - ithuba lokugcina lokususa izinhlayiya ezinkulu - okuyizinhlayiya ezinkulu kunama-microns ayi-125. Izinhlayiya akuzona eyindilinga. Ngokuphambene nalokho, zinesimo esingajwayelekile futhi zingaphoqelelwa ngokusebenzisa i-sieve yokucwenga, uma ingcindezi yesifutho iphakeme kakhulu.
Ukungcola okungasuswanga ngale ndlela akukwazi ukususwa nganoma iyiphi inqubo eyaziwayo.
Ezinyathelweni zokutakula sonke isitashi kufanele sigcinwe ekuphuphukeni ngakho-ke kuncane kakhulu okuchithwa kumanzi angcolile (izithelo zezithelo).
Lapho ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kungaphansi, kulapho amaphampu amaningi ebandakanyeka kule nqubo futhi kukhiqizwa nokushisa okwengeziwe. Ukunciphisa ukukhula kwamabhaktheriya amazinga okushisa esiqandisini alungile.
Kumanzi ampompoza ijusi yezithelo egxilile, ukupholisa ngesikhathi sokukhipha kuyinto edingekayo ngoba kumajusi ashisayo amagciwane adiliza amaprotheni nephunga elibi kungalawula.
Ukuhlanza endaweni kwenziwa nge-caustic ne-hypochlorite njengezinto zokuhlanza. ICaustic ingumenzeli onamandla wokususa amaprotheni okwakhiwe ezindongeni zangaphakathi kanti i-hypochlorite ingumbulali wegciwane osebenzayo
Ngesikhathi se-CIP kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina amapayipi egcwalisiwe. Amathangi a-CIP'ed asebenza kahle ngemibhobho yamadiski ajikelezayo - futhi amathangi amboziwe ayadingeka. (Re: TM 23 CIP)
Isitashi esimanzi esivela kuzihlungi ze-vacuum ezijikelezayo zomiswa kusomisi esisheshayo esinomoya oshisayo olinganiselayo. Umoya ushiswa ngokungaqondile.
Ngaphambi kokulethwa isitashi sihlungwa ngesihlungo esihle ukuze kususwe noma isiphi isikali esakhiwe kuzikulufa zokuhambisa njll.
Isitashi sisebenzisa ukudla okusheshayo, amaswidi, amasoseji, amaphilisi, nephepha, ibhodi lukathayela njll. Futhi kudlala indima ebonakalayo empilweni yethu yansuku zonke.
Ukuguqulwa. Iningi lesitashi lisetshenziselwa izinjongo zezimboni. Isitashi senzelwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomsebenzisi wokugcina okhiqiza uhla lwemikhiqizo ekhethekile. Kusetshenziswa amasu amaningi nobuchwepheshe. Umgomo osebenza ngezindlela eziningi uqukethe ukuguqulwa okumanzi okuyizinyathelo ezintathu:
Ukulungiselela
v
Ukusabela
v
Ukuqeda
Ngokusebenzisa izimo ezahlukahlukene zokuphendula - izinga lokushisa, i-pH, izithasiselo - nemikhiqizo ekhethekile yokulawulwa kwenqubo enezakhiwo ezihlukile zenziwa.
Le mikhiqizo ekhethekile ibizwa ngama-starch aguquliwe, ngoba asagcina ifomu lawo loqobo le-granule futhi ngaleyo ndlela afane nesitashi somdabu (esingaqinisekisiwe) ngokubukeka. Kepha ukuguqulwa sekungenise izimfanelo ezithuthukisiwe kusitashi lapho kuphekwa. Ukunamathisela kungenzeka ukuthi kuthole ukucaciseleka okuthuthukile, i-viscosity, ikhono lokwenza ifilimu njll.
Ukuba isitashi esivuselelekayo semvelo se-polymer sinokusetshenziswa okuningi
Ukwakhiwa kwesitashi samazambane
Izakhi | Ukuhlaziywa okujwayelekile |
Isitashi, into eyomile | 80% |
Water | 20% |
Ash | 0.3% |
Sand | 0.02% |
amaprotheni | 0.09% |
IPhosphor, uP | 0.07% |
ICalcium, Ca | 0.03% |
Insimbi, Fe | 3 ppm |
Amanzi abandayo ancibilika | 0.1% |
Ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi.
Isikhawu, ama-microns | % |
87-140 | 3 |
53-87 | 24 |
38-53 | 34 |
28-38 | 17 |
22-28 | 9.1 |
17-22 | 7.7 |
13-17 | 3.3 |
10-13 | 0.9 |
8-10 | 0.5 |
6-8 | 0.2 |
0-6 | 2.0 |
Ubuso bohlelo lokusebenza lwesitashi elimbudumbudu. 30 ha / g
Uhlelo lokusebenza oluthile lomuntu. 1.55 g / ml
Ukushisa okucacile 1.22 J / g
Isisindo kwenqwaba isitashi 80% DS lokusebenza. 0.7 g / ml
I-DS yohlelo lokusebenza lwe-centrifugate olumanzi. 0.6 g / ml
Ukukhanya (MgO2 = 100%) uhlelo lokusebenza. 95%
Ukunqunywa kokuqukethwe kwesitashi kumazambane.
Okuqukethwe kwesitashi samazambane ahlanzekile kuhambisana nobuningi bamazambane. Isampula lamazambane angama-5050 g kubhasikidi wenetha kukalwa ngaphezu kwamanzi bese liphinde lifakwe emanzini ahlanzekile afinyelela ku-18 oC.
Wo = isisindo sesampula yamazambane
Wu = isisindo sesampula ngaphansi kwamanzi
Ubuningi dizambane = UWo / (Wo - Wu) g / ml
Indaba eyomile yesitashi = (dizambane -1,015059) / 0,0046051%
Isibalo esibaliwe ngamaphesenti siphambuka ngaphansi kuka-0.05 kumanani afundwe etafuleni le-EU eliphoqelelwa yiKhomishini yaseYurophu emboza amazambane ngo-8% kuya ku-23% wesitashi esomile. Uhlobo olufushane lwethebula - njengoba lisebenza ngo-1 Julayi 1996 - limi ngokulandelayo:
Wo 1g | Wu 2g | Ubuningi d 3g / ml | Isitashi sendaba eyomile yamazambane 4% | Amazambane ukukhiqiza 1 t isitashi sokuhweba 5kg | Intengo ephansi ye-EU 6ECU / t amazambane | Uxhaso lwe-EU ngiya efektri 7ECU / t amazambane | Uxhaso lwe-EU II efektri 8ECU / t amazambane |
5050 | 352 | 1.075 | 13 | 6,533 | 32.110 | 3.405 | 13.31 |
5050 | 372 | 1.080 | 14 | 6,065 | 34.590 | 3.671 | 14.33 |
5050 | 392 | 1.084 | 15 | 5,664 | 37.040 | 3.924 | 15.35 |
5050 | 412 | 1.089 | 16 | 5,308 | 39.520 | 4.190 | 16.38 |
5050 | 430 | 1.093 | 17 | 5,000 | 41.960 | 4.456 | 17.39 |
5050 | 450 | 1.098 | 18 | 4,720 | 44.440 | 4.709 | 18.42 |
5050 | 470 | 1.103 | 19 | 4,467 | 46.960 | 4.987 | 19.46 |
5050 | 488 | 1.107 | 20 | 4,299 | 48.800 | 5.180 | 20.22 |
5050 | 508 | 1.112 | 21 | 4,234 | 49.550 | 5.253 | 20.53 |
5050 | 527 | 1.117 | 22 | 4,140 | 50.670 | 5.373 | 21.00 |
5050 | 545 | 1.121 | 23 | 4,056 | 51.720 | 5.482 | 21.43 |
1Isisindo sesampula lamazambane ngaphezu kwamanzi. 2Isisindo sesampula esifakwe emanzini. 3Ubuningi obubaliwe = (Wo / (Wo -Wu)). 4Okuqukethwe kwesitashi ngokwethebula elisemthethweni. 6Intengo ephansi okufanele ikhokhwe ngumkhiqizi ngqo kumlimi ukuze ufaneleke ukuthola umxhaso. 7I-subsidy ye-EU- iphrimiyamu yokukhiqiza - ikhokhwa kumkhiqizi, uma akhokha inani eliphansi le-EU noma okungcono. 8Uxhaso II - inkokhelo yokulinganisa - ikhokhwa ngqo efektri, uma akhokha intengo ephansi ye-EU noma engcono. Izinga lokushintshaniswa 1. Julayi 1996 kwaba 1 ECU = 1,24 US $.
Le ndlela yokusebenzisa amandla isetshenziselwa ukukhokha ama-akhawunti nabahlinzeki bamazambane emafektri esitashi. Indlela efanayo isetshenziselwa umdumbula. Izimo zokugcina ezingathandeki nokho zingadala ukuguqulwa kwesitashi kube yi-glucose okuthinta isivuno sesitashi ngaphandle kokushintsha isisindo samanzi namanzi amazambane. Ngakho-ke indlela isebenza kuphela kumazambane amasha. Le ndlela ayilungile neze ngokwesayensi. Izindlela ezinokwethenjelwa zokunqunywa kwama-carbohydrate kumazambane zikhona, kepha izingxenyana ezincibilikayo ezingezona ezesitashi kanye nengxenyana yezinhlamvu ezithile zesitashi azihlukaniseki ngezindlela ezinembile.