Izilingo zihlelelwe u-2022 ezindaweni ezintathu njengengxenye yesibonelelo se-Specialty Crop Research Initiative.
Kubalimi bamazambane ngaphesheya kwe-US, i-potato virus Y (PVY) iyinkinga enkulu edala izimpawu ze-foliar necrotic tuber ezinciphisa usayizi kanye nokuvunwa okuphelele ezinhlotsheni eziningi zamazambane. Ucwaningo lwe-University of Idaho lilinganisela ukulahleka okuvela ku-PVY kubiza imboni yamazambane kuleso sifundazwe kuphela ama- $ 34 million ngonyaka. Ucwaningo olufanayo lilinganisela ukwehliswa okungu-10-50% kwezithelo ezingaba khona.
Zimbalwa izinketho ezikhona zokulawula i-PVY, ngaphandle kokukhulisa nokugcina imbewu engenazo izifo. Ngenkathi izinkinga zishintsha futhi ama-vectors eqhubeka, i-USDA Research Plant Pathologist uJonathan Whitworth kanye noProfesa wase-University of Minnesota no-Extension Entomologist u-Ian MacRae basebenzela ukuqoqa imininingwane esiza abalimi bamazambane ukuthi benze izinqumo zokuphatha ezinolwazi.
Ucwaningo lwamanje lwe-PVY lusatshalaliswe kuziza zokubonisa
Eminyakeni yamuva, imiphumela yokulandelela emazweni asentshonalanga ye-US ikhombisa ukuthi i-PVYO, uhlobo olwalukade lubalulekile, lususwe dengwane yi-PVYNWi. Empumalanga yeCanada, ubunzima obufanayo obedlulele bususwe yi-PVYNTN. Ngokuya ngezinhlobonhlobo ezikhulisiwe, uhlobo lwe-PVY, kanye nemvelo, izimpawu zamafoliya ziyehluka ngamandla. UWhitworth, esebenza ngokubambisana noStewart Grey osethathe umhlalaphansi manje, uhlolisise umthelela wezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene kwezinye izinhlobo zamazambane ezingamaphesenti angama-62 ezitshalwe e-US Inhloso yazo bekuwukuthola ukuthi yiziphi ezithinteka kakhulu nokuthi izimpawu zivezwa kanjani ngaphansi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene.
Umsebenzi kaWhitworth usiza ukuletha izakhi zofuzo ezingazweli ezinhlotsheni ezintsha, futhi kuhilela ukuthola izindlela zokugcina izinto ezizalanayo zingenawo amagciwane nezinye izifo. Kubandakanya nokuthatha imigqa esezingeni eliphakeme yokuzalanisa nokuhlola ukuthi basabela kanjani ku-PVY. Ukumelana nomsingathi kunikeza isisombululo kubalimi, kubasize banciphise ukusebenzisa kwabo izibulala-zinambuzane namafutha ezitshalo, kusho uWhitworth.
Besebenzisa izihlukanisi eziningi ezivela ezinhlotsheni ezinhlanu ze-PVY, abacwaningi bathelele futhi bahlolisisa izinhlobo ezimele ama-62% we-acreage yembewu efakwe isitifiketi ngonyaka wezi-2019. Amakilasi amahlanu emakethe abemelwe futhi kwasetshenziswa izinhlobo ezingama-67 zamazambane esewonke. Ngokuya ngokuhlaziywa kwezilinganiso ezibukwayo zamafoliar, abacwaningi bathole izimpawu ezinzima kakhulu ezihlotshaniswa ne-PVYO ubunzima. Izimpawu ezimnene zazihlotshaniswa ne-PVYN: O.
Ngenkathi izimpawu ezikahle ze-PVY zilungile ekukhiqizweni kwezebhizinisi, ekukhiqizeni imbewu izimpawu ezincanyana zivumela indawo yokugcina amagciwane ukuba yakheke ezitshalweni zembewu. Emkhakheni wembewu, umkhuba ojwayelekile wokunciphisa igciwane ukukhipha izitshalo nokususa inqwaba yembewu ngokuya ngezimpawu ezibonakala ngokubonakalayo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ama-ejensi ezitifiketi anamaphesenti wamagciwane asuselwa kumasampula we-ELISA wokuhlola amaqabunga kunokuhlolwa okubukwayo. Lokhu kusizile ukuthuthukisa isimo sonke.
Izinhlobo eziningana, kufaka phakathi u-Eva, uCiklamen noPayette Russet, bakhombise ukumelana ngokweqile ne-PVY ngenxa yokuba khona kofuzo lokumelana. UWhitworth nethimba lakhe abalitholanga igciwane kunoma yiziphi izitshalo ezifakwe umuthi nganoma yiliphi igciwane elihlukaniswayo.
Izinhlobo ezinjengeRusset Norkotah neSilverton Russet, zinezimpawu ze-PVY ezimnene noma zesikhashana futhi zibe nomthelela emazingeni akhuphukile e-PVY ezitshalweni zembewu.
UWhitworth uthe ukutadisha nokukhathala kwezimpawu zezinhlobo ezahlukene ezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene kunikeza ulwazi olubalulekile lokwenza izinqumo kubalimi. Ukwazi izimpawu zezinhlobo ezahlukene kuyabasiza ukuthi banqume ukuthi iyiphi inkambo okufanele bayithathe. Ukwazi ukuthi yisiphi isenzo ongasithatha kungaba yinselele enkulu njengoba izinhlobo ezintsha zikhula futhi zishintsha.
Ngo-2016, abalimi eWashington bamenywa ukuba babuke iziza zokubonisa ze-PVY ezibonisa izinhlobo ezahlukene ezingama-42. Ngo-2018, izinhlobo ezingama-20 zaboniswa ezihlelweni eWashington, Wisconsin naseMaine. Ngalowo nyaka, kwakukhona izinhlobo ezinhlanu ezivamile ezazisetshenziswa kuzo zonke iziza zokubonisa. Ezingu-15 ezisele zazicacile kuleso sifunda.
"Kulezi zivivinyo esikwenzile besinemigqa emine yohlobo ngalunye," kusho uWhitworth. “Umugqa owodwa ubuphilile, umugqa owodwa ungenwe yi-PVYO, eyodwa ene-PVYN: O, futhi eyodwa ene-PVYNTN. Inikeze abalimi ithuba lokuthi bazobuka babone ukuthi empeleni izitshalo zibukeka kanjani uma zitheleleke ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-PVY bese uziqhathanisa ngqo nesitshalo esinempilo. ”
Izilingo ezifanayo zihlelelwe u-2022 ezindaweni ezintathu njengengxenye yesibonelelo se-Specialty Crop Research Initiative. Ukwenza kanjalo kunikeza ithuba elihle kubacwaningi ukusabalalisa ucwaningo lwakamuva lwe-PVY. Iphinde ibavumele ukuthi babonise abalimi ngqo ukuthi bangalawula kanjani futhi banciphise i-PVY endaweni yabo.
Ukuqapha indiza ye-vector inikeza uhlelo lokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi
Eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule, u-Ian MacRae nozakwabo eNyuvesi yaseMinnesota bebelokhu beqapha indiza ye-vector. Ngokuya ngonyaka, banezicupho eziphakathi kuka-10 no-17 ezibekiwe enkabeni yeMinnesota yonke indlela eya eNyakatho Dakota, ehlanganisa cishe amamayela angama-21 esewonke.
"Ihlanganisa iningi lokukhiqizwa kwembewu okwenzeka phakathi kweNyakatho Dakota neMinnesota," kusho uMacRae.
Le phrojekthi ingumphumela wesidingo sabalimi; abasebenzisana nabatshali ababamba izingibe ezinikezwa yinyuvesi ngamasampuli masonto onke. Amasampula ahlelwa futhi akhonjwe kulebhu kaMacRae.
IMacRae kanye nelab yakhe baqoqe imininingwane yeminyaka eyi-10, kubhekwa izindiza zonyaka, futhi ngenxa yalokho, banombono omuhle lapho bezoqala ukubona ingcindezi yevector.
"Zonke izifunda ngazinye, amandla azo ahlukile kancane, ngakho-ke lokhu kubanikeza ithuluzi lokuzama ukuqala ukucabanga ukuthi bazokwenza kanjani ukuphathwa kwabo kwe-PVY," kusho uMacRae.
ITHIWE: Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izinhlobo ezihlukile ze-PVY zithinta kanjani izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene
Akuzona zonke izintwala ezidalwe zilingana. Futhi ngenkathi izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezithile zingaba khona ogibeni, akuzona zonke ezisebenza kahle njenge-vector ye-PVY. IMyzus persicae, noma i-aphid eluhlaza okotshani, iyona esebenza kahle kakhulu. I-aphid yesoya ilinganiselwa eshumini kuphela esebenza kahle njenge-aphid green peach. Ukuhlolwa kobungozi manje kungenziwa ngokususelwa ezinhlotsheni ezikhona kanye nenombolo.