Njengoba iphrojekthi kazwelonke yocwaningo lwe-wireworm igoqa, abalimi banezindlela eziningi zokulawula izinambuzane.
Ngenkathi uChristine Noronha eqala ukucwaninga ngezikelemu eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi edlule, kwakungekho okuningi okwaziwayo mayelana nalesi zinambuzane nokuthi sizithinta kanjani izitshalo zamazambane eCanada. Bonke abalimi kanye nabantu embonini babazi ukuthi ama-wireworms adala umonakalo emasimini abo amazambane.
“Sifunde okuningi ngalesi sinambuzane. Futhi empeleni sesifinyelele endaweni lapho senza khona amathuluzi manje abalimi angasebenzisa,” kuchaza uNoronha, usosayensi ocwaninga kwezolimo kanye ne-Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) engxoxweni yocingo.
Le phrojekthi iqale ngo-2018 kanti kulindeleke ukuthi isongwe ekuqaleni konyaka ozayo. Iyingxenye yoMkhandlu Wamazambane wase-Canadian namaphrojekthi eqoqo le-Canadian Horticultural Council axhaswe yi-Canadian Agricultural Partnership. Kuso sonke isikhathi seminyaka emine edlule ithimba labacwaningi be-wireworm, eliholwa nguNoronha, lihlole amathuluzi ahlukahlukene angasetshenziswa ukulawula izinambuzane ezweni lonke.
Lena bekungeyona iphrojekthi yeqoqo lokuqala locwaningo nakuba - kumaqoqo amabili adlule, ithimba likaNoronha likwazile ukutadisha ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali etholakalayo ekulawuleni izikelemu ezisize i-Health Canada's Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) igunyaze imikhiqizo emisha ukuthi isetshenziswe e-Canada. Iqembu liphinde laphothula ucwaningo olunzulu lwezibalo ze-wireworm ezweni lonke, lisiza abalimi ukuthi baqonde ukuthi ingakanani inkinga izinambuzane. Baphinde benza umsebenzi omkhulu wokulawula izikelemu ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezifana nezitshalo ezishintshayo kanye nokulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo.
Ama-wireworms anomjikelezo wempilo ende. Abantu abadala baphuma entwasahlobo, babekela amaqanda abo bese befa - phakathi nezinyanga ezimbili. Uma amaqanda esezalelwe, izibungu ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-wireworms, ziyachamisela bese zikhula zibe ngabantu abadala okuthiwa ama-click beetle. Ama-wireworms ahlala emhlabathini, ngaphansi kwenhlabathi, iminyaka emibili kuya kwemihlanu, kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni. Emazambaneni adla izimbobo kuma-tubers anciphisa ikhwalithi yonke yesivuno.
Ukuthola Amathuluzi Okulawula I-Wireworms
Ithimba likaNoronha lihlole futhi lathola izinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zokulawula izikelemu zocingo ukusuka ogwini kuye ogwini. Izindlela zokulawula zisukela ekwelapheni ngamakhemikhali kuya ezitshalweni ezishintshayo.
Ekupheleni kuka-2020 kwamenyezelwa ukuthi i-PMRA igunyaze ukubhaliswa kwe-broflanilide. Isibulala-zinambuzane se-Group 30, esidayiswa njengesibulala-zinambuzane i-Cimegra yi-BASF, kade silindelwe. Ibitholakalela ukusetshenziswa kwe-in-furrow yesizini ka-2021 enikeza ukulawula phakathi nesizini kanye nokulawulwa kwabantu okunzima ukuphatha izinambuzane ezihlafunayo ezifana nezikelemu. Ithimba likaNoronha libambe iqhaza ekuhloleni i-Cimegra njengengxenye yokubhaliswa kwe-PMRA.
“Sithole ukuthi (iCimegra) iyababulala ngempela, ayivele ibakhubaze. Ngenxa yokuthi iningi lemikhiqizo esasinayo ngaphambili esasiyihlola, yayizonikeza isivikelo esitshalweni, kodwa yayingabulali i-wireworm. Ngakho-ke, besingehlisi inani labantu nganoma iyiphi indlela, ”kusho uNoronha.
Iqembu liphinde lazama ngezitshalo ezishintshashintshayo lathola ukuthi yiziphi ezingasiza ukucindezela izikelemu ezingenazintambo. Ezifundweni ezedlule kwatholakala ukuthi ubhakabhaka kanye nesinaphi kuyasebenza, kodwa babefuna ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokuthi lezi zitshalo zisebenze kahle kangakanani nokuthi udinga ukutshala esingakanani isitshalo ekuxubeni kwezitshalo.
“Isizathu sokwenza lolu cwaningo bekuwukubona ukuthi izilimo lezi zingasetshenziswa yini ekuhlanganiseni izilimo ngoba abalimi bebekhathazwa wukulima umhlabathi minyaka yonke nokutshala isilimo esisha minyaka yonke. Ngakho-ke, babefuna ukutshala nezinye izitshalo ezizofaka izinto eziphilayo emhlabathini. Babefuna ukutshala ingxube yezitshalo ezifana namabele, uphizi, i-pearl millet nezinye, ngakho-ke safunda ngokusetshenziswa kwezitshalo ezicindezela izikelemu kulezi zingxube,” kuchaza uNoronha.
Ocwaningweni lwe-greenhouse, ithimba likaNoronha lathola ukuthi abalimi badinga kuphela isitshalo esingamaphesenti angama-25 ka-buckwheat enhlanganisela yezitshalo ukuze ucindezele izikelemu ezingenazintambo emhlabathini.
Iqembu liphinde lahlola ukuthi utshani be-sorghum sudan bungasetshenziswa yini ukucindezela izikelemu zocingo. Isitshalo sihlolwe ngokumelene nebhali kanye ne-buckwheat. Utshani be-sorghum sudan bonyaka wokuqala butshalwe esivivinyweni e-Prince Edward Island kwatholakala ukuthi kukhona ukucindezelwa kwe-wireworm, kodwa ngonyaka olandelayo akuzange kwenzeke ukucindezelwa okungako. Kwelinye icala eLondon, e-Ont. kutholwe amabele sudan grass ehlise izinombolo ze wireworm cishe ngamaphesenti angama-50.
“Abanye abalimi babengafuni ukusebenzisa ubhakwheat ngoba babekhathazekile ngokuthi wawuzoba ukhula ensimini yabo ngonyaka olandelayo,” kwengeza uNoronha. “Ososayensi bethu bokhula bahlolisisa lesi sici futhi wathola ukuthi ukunqamula isilimo ngesikhathi esifanele ngokusilima noma ukusigunda kunciphisa amathuba okuba sibe ukhula ngonyaka olandelayo.”
Kuphinde kube nocwaningo lwepheromone olwenziwa yiqembu. UNoronha uchaza ngaphambi kwale phrojekthi yocwaningo babenama-pheromone kuphela ezinhlotsheni ezintathu zase-Europe zezikelemu. Ithimba likwazile ukuthola nokuhlonza izinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-wireworms kulo lonke elase-Western Canada nase-Ontario. Uma ama-pheromones ehlonziwe izicupho zokudoba zingasetshenziswa ukuhlonza uhlobo lwezilwane nokuthi zinkulu kangakanani izikelemu emasimini. Ithimba laseNtshonalanga Canadian likwazile futhi ukwenza umhlahlandlela wokuhlonza izinhlobo ze-wireworm ezitholakala ePrairies. U-Noronha uphawula ukuthi basafunda inani lezikelemu ezweni lonke, kanti lona kuwunyaka wokugcina wokuqapha.
“Sithole ukuthi isibalo sabantu e-PEI siyehla ngemuva kokuthi siqale ukusebenzisa izilimo ze-buckwheat kanye nesinaphi ngokushintshana namazambane. Sisazoqhubeka nokuqapha ukuthi isimo sinjani. Abanye babalimi sebeqalisile ukusebenzisa ezinye izilimo kuthi abanye baqhubeke becindezela izibungu lapho beshintshana. Ngakho-ke, sizothola ukuthi ngokumisa ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zitshalo ezicindezelayo uma inani labantu liqala ukwanda noma cha,” kuchaza yena.
Ulwazi Oluwusizo Ensimini
Elinye lamapulazi ithimba likaNoronha elisebenze nawo kwakungu-G Visser & Sons, amazambane amasha kanye nomsebenzi wokupakisha e-Orwell Cove, e-PEI Batshala cishe amahektha ayi-1,000 amazambane amasha kanye nembewu ngonyaka. Baphinde batshale izitshalo ezishintshayo zikakolweni wasebusika nezingxube zezitshalo ezimboziwe, bezama ukukhetha izinhlobo zezitshalo ezizosiza ekulawuleni izikelemu, kanye nokushintshanisa umhlaba nomakhelwane abalima imali.
“I-Wireworm ibe yinkinga kithi ngokushesha. Impela besingebona abokuqala ku-PEI, bekukhona abanye ebesizwa ukuthi banenkinga ye-wireworm. Kodwa lapho kuqala ukuthikameza isilimo sakho, uqala ukuba nesithakazelo ngempela. Uyabona ukuthi le yinto okumele senze ngayo konke okusemandleni ethu ukuzama ukudambisa umonakalo,” kuchaza uWilliam Visser, uzakwethu ku-G Visser & Sons engxoxweni yocingo.
Ithimba e-G Visser & Sons lisebenze nethimba lika-Noronha ingxenye enkulu yeshumi leminyaka edlule ukuze lifunde kabanzi mayelana nenani lezikelemu ezinkundleni zabo futhi lithole izindlela zokuzilawula. Besebenzisa ama-bait trap, bathole ukuthi ama-wireworms awasabalele kuzo zonke izinkambu ezinabantu abaningi kuzo.
Akuzona zonke izivivinyo u-G Visser & Sons ababandakanyeka kuzo. Olunye uvivinyo lwabenza bazama ukufutha amabhungane okuchofoza njengoba avela entwasahlobo, kwatholakala nakuba kwakunzima ukuthola isikhathi esifanele ukuze sisebenze.
“Ukube bekunemikhiqizo ehlonziwe ebhaliselwe leyo njongo, bekuyithuluzi obungalisebenzisa kodwa linzima. Kube nzima futhi kushubile ukuzama ukuphatha isikhathi,” kuchaza uVisser.
Ezindleleni zokulawula izikelemu ezisebenzayo, uNorohna usebenzela ukuthuthukisa indlela abalimi abazokwazi ukuyisebenzisa ezweni lonke ukuze bafunde kabanzi mayelana nezikelemu kanye nendlela yokuzilawula. Imanuwali isesigabeni sokuqala kakhulu lapho u-Noronha ethi usahlela indlela engcono kakhulu yokuyisabalalisa noma ngabe lokho kuyinguqulo yedijithali noma ikhophi ebonakalayo.
Okwamanje, le phrojekthi yocwaningo yilapho uNoronha kanye namaqembu akhe basebenza khona manje ngocwaningo lwe-wireworms. Ama-Wireworms awazange akhonjwe njengenye yezinhlelo ezigxile ocwaningweni zamaphrojekthi weqoqo aqala ngonyaka ozayo.
“Ngicabanga ukuthi sesihambe ibanga elide ukusuka lapho sasikhona ngisaqala. Besingazi lutho ngalesi sinambuzane. Manje sesiyazi ngebhayoloji, lapho iya khona, kancane mayelana nemvelo yayo futhi sesithuthukise izinketho zokulawula. Kuningi esikwaziyo ngakho,” kusho uNoronha. Ukwengeza ngocwaningo olwenziwe yithimba lakhe, bathola ukuthi manje badlula amanye amazwe ngolwazi lwabo ngezikelemu.
“Basazama ukuthola ukuthi benzenjani ngezinhlobo abanazo. Abaziqondi. Ngakho-ke, bahlale besitshela ukuthi siphambi kakhulu komdlalo.”
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