Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, abakhiqizi bezolimo baye badonswa ngezindlela eziningi: ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwamanzi, ukugcina inzuzo lapho bebhekene nokukhuphuka kwamanani okufakwayo, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusimama nempilo yomhlabathi. Kodwa kuthiwani uma lezi zinhloso bekungadingeki ukuthi ziqhudelane?
Entshonalanga ye-United States, ihlobo lika-2021 lizokhunjulwa njengeminye yeminyaka eyomile neshisa kakhulu emlandweni. Sekuya ngokuya kubonakala ukuthi ezolimo zingaphansi kwengcindezi eyengeziwe yokukhiqiza izitshalo ezinamanzi amancane okunisela. Lokhu kuqhutshwa yizinto ezimbalwa: uchungechunge lweminyaka yokunisela amanzi okunisela ngaphansi kokwejwayelekile, uchungechunge lweminyaka yokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ezitshalweni ephakeme kunokuvamile, kanye nokwanda kwesidingo semithombo yamanzi elinganiselwe.
Le minyaka embalwa edlule yezinselelo zokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi kungase kube isibonisi sezimo ezinzima kakhulu ezizayo. Nakuba isikhathi nobukhulu bokuncishiswa kokunikezwa kwamanzi kuzohluka ngendawo, izitayela ezijwayelekile zibonisa ukuthi ukunikezwa kwesikhathi esizayo kuzonqunyelwa ngezinga elithile. Ngakho-ke, ukwamukelwa kwezinguquko ekuniseleni nasekuphathweni kwenhlabathi okonga amanzi kuyilapho kugcinwa isivuno sezitshalo nekhwalithi kuzosiza ukunciphisa umthelela wesikhathi eside ekulimeni okuniselwayo.
Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kwamanzi Nomhlaba Wezempilo
Incazelo yezobuchwepheshe yezempilo yamatye amandla aqhubekayo okusebenza komhlabathi njengesimiso esibalulekile sokuphila, ngaphakathi kwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo nendawo yazo ezungezile kanye nemingcele yokusetshenziswa komhlaba; ukusimamisa ukukhiqiza kwezinto eziphilayo; ukukhuthaza izinga lendawo yomoya kanye namanzi; kanye nokugcina impilo yezitshalo, yezilwane kanye neyomuntu. Kodwa kusho ukuthini lokhu kumdidiyeli ngamunye? Cishe kuyisiqinisekiso sokuthi uma abalimi abayi-100 bebebuzwa ukuthi impilo yomhlabathi isho ukuthini kubo, bekungaba nezimpendulo okungenani eziyishumi nambili. Yilapho imigomo ibaluleka khona.
Ngaphandle kwezinhloso zezempilo zomhlabathi, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuhlola inqubekelaphambili nomthelela wezinqubo ezisetshenzisiwe. Ezinye izibonelo zemigomo abalimi abangaba nazo yilezi: ukwandisa i-organic matter; ukunciphisa ukufakwa kukamanyolo; noma uthuthukise ukungena kwamanzi noma ukusetshenziswa kahle kwamanzi. Kuzo zontathu izibonelo zezinhloso, amanzi angaba, abe, futhi kufanele abe yingxenye esemqoka. Ngaphandle kwamanzi, inqobo nje uma lina noma ngenkasa, i-bedrock biology ayikwazi ukuchuma.
Izilwane zomhlabathi, njengabantu, zidinga amanzi ukuze zizalane futhi zisebenze. Omunye wemisebenzi esemqoka yebhayoloji yomhlabathi ukuhamba ngebhayisikili izakhi ngokusebenzisa nokudala izinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi kanye nezinsalela zezitshalo nezilwane. Ezinye izinto eziphilayo zenhlabathi zisiza “ukunamathisela” izinhlayiya zamaminerali e-bedrock ndawonye ngokukhiqizwa kwe-byproduct, kuyilapho ezinye izinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi “zibopha” izinhlayiya kanye ne-hyphae. Zombili izinqubo zisiza ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi ngokudala indawo eyengeziwe yokushintshana kwamanzi nomoya, okuthuthukisa ukungena kwamanzi. Ngamafuphi, ukuphathwa kwamanzi okuthuthukisiwe kuthuthukisa impilo yomhlabathi futhi impilo yenhlabathi ethuthukisiwe ithuthukisa ukuphathwa kwamanzi.
Amacebiso Okuthuthukisa Ukuphathwa Kwamanzi
Ukulethwa kwamanzi esilimoni kungathuthukiswa ngokugcina njalo futhi kushintshwe imibhobho yokufafaza egugile. Idatha evela ekuhloleni okuningi kweNyuvesi yase-Idaho yezinhlelo zokunisela ibonise ukuthi imibhobho engalingani kahle noma egugile kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesistimu yokuchelela (ucingo lwesandla, intambo yamasondo, i-pivot) ingaholela ekusetshenzisweni kwamanzi angaphezulu kuka-10 kuya ku-15% kunalokho okudingekayo. Ubude besikhathi sempilo yonke yemibhobho buncike ezintweni ezimbalwa kodwa ngokuvamile kungalindeleka ukuthi zigcine ukusebenza kahle kahle iminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyisikhombisa. Amanzi angaphezulu aqukethe udaka anganciphisa isikhathi sokuphila; imithombo yamanzi angaphansi ngokuvamile ayinalo lolu daba. Noma kunjalo, imibhobho kufanele ihlolwe minyaka yonke ukuthi ayigugile yini futhi ishintshiwe uma kunesidingo. Ukuvuza kungabangela ukufakwa kwamanzi angaphezu kuka-10 kuye kwangama-35%.
Abalimi kufanele bacabangele izindlela zokubamba umswakama owengeziwe wasebusika njengokunciphisa noma ukuqeda ukulima ekwindla. Ukugcina izinsalela zezitshalo ebusika kungasiza ekwandiseni umswakama wenhlabathi yasentwasahlobo ngo-5 kuya ku-15% endaweni etshalwe ekwindla ngokubamba iqhwa eliningi. Lesi sihloko somswakama siqala emhlabathini ongenalutho singanciphisa ukuchelela kwentwasahlobo okudingekayo ukuze kugcwalise iphrofayili yedwala eliphansi futhi kunikeze isivikelo uma ukuchelela kunomkhawulo noma uma uhlelo lokunisela lungakwazi ukuhambisana ne-evapotranspiration yezitshalo.
Ubuchwepheshe obusha njengezinzwa zokuswakama komhlabathi noma umsizi wokuhlela amanzi okunisela nawo kufanele kucatshangelwe. Izinzwa zokuswakama komhlabathi zingaba ithuluzi elibalulekile lokwenza izinqumo zokuhlela ukuchelela okuncike ezimeni zezitshalo nezamadwala esikhundleni seshejuli emisiwe yamasonto onke. Izinzwa zingaphinda zigqamise izindlela zokuthuthukiswa kokunisela. Isibonelo, izinzwa zokuswakama kwenhlabathi ezitshalwe ezindaweni eziyisithupha endaweni eniselwe ngomugqa wamasondo zibonise ukuthi kunomehluko omkhulu emanzini asetshenziswa kuyo yonke isizini (umehluko wamayintshi angu-8). Ngokusebenzisa idatha efana nale, izinqumo zokuphatha phakathi nesizini zingenziwa ngendlela efanele ngokusekelwe ezimeni zesimo sezulu nezimo zezitshalo.
Abahleli bokunisela bamahhala ayatholakala futhi asebenzisa idatha yendawo yesimo sezulu kanye nezidingo zamanzi ezitshalo ukusiza ukwenza izinqumo zesikhathi sokunisela.
U-Linda Schott – uchwepheshe wezandiso zokuphatha e-University of Idaho's Twin Falls Research & Extension Center.
U-Howard Neibling ungunjiniyela wokuphatha amanzi owandisiwe ozinze e-UI Kimberly Research & Extension Center.