Abantu baseColorado potato beetle (CPB) banekhono elimangalisayo lokuthuthukisa ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane - okuhlanganisa eziningi ze-carbamate, i-organophosphate, i-pyrethroid, i-spinosyn, ne-neonicotinoid insecticide esetshenziswa namuhla.
Amandla e-CPB okuthuthukisa ukumelana nawo akumangazi uma ucabanga ukuthi lesi zinambuzane kufanele sisebenzise izindlela zokubekezelela ukugcwala okuphezulu kwama-glycoalkaloid anobuthi kuma-solanaceous host. Empeleni, la mabhungane ahlonyiselwe ukubhekana nobuthi. Kungase kuthathe izinguquko ezincane kuphela ukunikeza ukumelana nobuthi obusha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ama-CPB ukukhiqiza inani elikhulu lenzalo, okwandisa kakhulu amathuba okuthi izinguquko ezimelana nezibulala-zinambuzane zizokwenzeka ngokungahleliwe. Cabangela ukuthi amaqanda angu-50 isitshalo ngasinye, aphindwe ngezitshalo zamazambane ezingu-20,000 10 ehektheleni ngalinye, angakhiqiza amabhungane ayisigidi esizukulwaneni esisodwa. Futhi kuvame ukuba nezizukulwane ezimbili noma ezintathu ngesizini. Lapho isibulala-zinambuzane siqala ukufakwa esitshalweni, inani elincane lezinambuzane ezihlosiwe (mhlawumbe esisodwa nje kwezigidi ezingu-XNUMX) singase sisinde ngenxa yoguquko olungahleliwe. Uma kungekho okunye okubabulalayo, izakhi eziguquguqukayo ezimbalwa ezingazweli zizozalana. Futhi abaningi benzalo yabo bayozuza ifa lokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane.
Amathiphu okulawula ama-CPB futhi Ugweme Ukumelana Nezibulala-zinambuzane
Ukujikeleziswa Kwezitshalo Zamazambane kanye Nokwehlukana
Ama-CPB adlula ubusika njengabantu abadala emhlabathini wamazambane wangonyaka odlule bese ephuma entwasahlobo ukuze ondle, ahlangane, futhi azalele amaqanda. Izibungu ziphuma emaqandeni, zidla isikhashana, bese ziwela phansi ukuze zidle futhi ziqale umjikelezo kaningi izikhathi ezintathu ngesizini. Ukubeka amazambane alo nyaka kude nawanyakenye kwenza kube nzima ukuthi amabhungane athole okuya ngasethunjini uma eqhamuka. Zidla kuphela i-solanaceous izitshalo nokhula, futhi abahambi amabanga amade. Ukuze leli su linciphise ngempumelelo ingcindezi ye-CPB, hlukanisa inkambu okungenani ngamamayela angu-0.25.
Futha Imicabango
Amanye ama-insecticide awonakala uma isisombululo sesifutho sine-asidi kakhulu (isb, i-spinosad, i-spinetoram). Ezinye zilulaza uma isixazululo singathathi hlangothi nge-alkaline (isb, i-phosmet). Futhi akufanele usebenzise izibulala-zinambuzane ezinezithasiselo zohlobo lwesitikha/sokuhlanganiswa (isb, i-abamectin ne-thiamethoxam). Le mikhiqizo ngeke isebenze kahle uma ungayinaki le mininingwane, evame ukufakwa kuhlu ilebula yomkhiqizo.
Isikhathi sohlelo lokusebenza kanye nesilinganiso
Kulingeka ukufaka isibulala-zinambuzane efoliar ngokushesha nje lapho ubona amabhungane amadala. Kodwa ngokuvamile uthola ukusebenza kahle kangcono uma ulinda ukuthi izibungu zivele. Izibulala-zinambuzane eziningi zisebenza kangcono ngokumelene nezibungu ezisanda kuchanyuselwa, ezincane. Sivamise ukuncoma ukuthi kufakwe amahlamvu uma cishe ama-50% ezibungu sezichanyuselwe. Gada abantu be-CPB eduze ukuze uthole isikhathi esifanele. Sebenzisa isilinganiso selebula eligcwele (umthamo) wesibulali zinambuzane ukuze uthole imiphumela engcono kakhulu.
Zungezisa Izibulala-zinambuzane Ngezindlela Ezihlukene Zesenzo
Ukuthembela kusibulala-zinambuzane esisodwa (noma eziningi ezibulala ngezindlela zesenzo ezifanayo) kungase kubangele ngokushesha ukumelana noma ukumelana nenani labantu be-CPB. I-Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) ihlela izibulala-zinambuzane ngokwendlela yazo yokwenza. Ngakho udinga ukushintshanisa izibulala-zinambuzane ezivela emaqenjini ahlukene e-IRAC ngohlelo ngalunye. Uma ungazibulali eziguquguqukayo ezingazweli ngenye, ungazilawula ngokufaka isibulala-zinambuzane esihluke ngokuphelele.
I-Neonicotinoid Insecticides
Abalimi abaningi bamazambane babika ukulawula okuhle kakhulu kwe-CBP uma besebenzisa i-neonicotinoid (IRAC Group 4) ekutshaleni noma ekukhuphukeni. Kwaziwa ngokuhlinzeka ngezinsuku ezingama-80 kuye kweziyi-100 zokulawula okusele. Kodwa ukuchayeka kuma-insecticides ngokuphikelela isikhathi eside eqabungeni kungadala ingcindezi eqinile yokukhetha ukumelana nokumelana. Kukhona abantu abaningi be-CPB abangazweli neonicotinoid eMpumalanga naseMidwest. Ukunciphisa ubungozi emazweni aseNtshonalanga, sicela abalimi ukuthi uma ngabe basebenzise i-at-plant noma at-hilling neonicotinoid, ukuze bangasebenzisi noma yimaphi ama-neonicotinoid e-foliar phakathi nesizini.
Amazambane amavolontiya nama-CPB
Amazambane amavolontiya angumthombo wokudla wangaphambi kwesikhathi nendawo yokuzalela yabantu abadala be-CPB avela emasimini amazambane angonyaka odlule. Zivame ukuhlala kulezi zitshalo, kodwa ezinye zezingane zazo zingase zizithole zingena emazambane alo nyaka. Uma amavolontiya avamile endaweni yangakini, qaphela laba bafika sekwephuzile. Ama-insecticide asetshenziswa ekulawuleni ama-CPB avele ngaphambi kwesikhathi (nge-at-plant neonicotinoid) cishe azobe esephelelwe yisikhathi.
I-Dipause Enwetshiwe
Abanye abantu be-CPB bagwema ukuchayeka ezinambuzaneni ngokuhlala ngaphansi komhlaba isikhathi eside futhi babambezele ukukhula kwabo. Lelisu lokumelana libizwa ngokuthi i-extended diapause.Lesi esinye isizathu sokuqapha inani labantu be-CPB ezisimini zamazambane eduze. Ungenza izicelo lapho izinambuzane zikhona esikhundleni sokufafaza ngokwekhalenda.
UCarrie Huffman Wohleb unguSolwazi/ Uchwepheshe Wesifunda - Amazambane, Imifino, kanye Nezitshalo Zembewu, e-Washington State University. Bona zonke izindaba zababhali lapha.