I-Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) iyindlela yokunisela ephezulu kakhulu. Inikeza amanzi nomanyolo ngqo endaweni yezimpande zesitshalo, ngokunembile nangokuhambisana nezidingo zesitshalo.
Uhlelo lwe-Subsurface Drip Irrigation - Isixazululo Esisodwa, Izinzuzo Eziningi
I-SDI igcina umhlaba womile futhi inciphisa ukuhwamuka kwamanzi emhlabathini, ngaleyo ndlela yonge amanzi futhi ithuthukise ukuthathwa komanyolo. Umhlabathi owomile uholela ekwehliseni okukhulu ekukhuleni kokhula nasezifweni zezitshalo. I-SDI Yandisa isikhathi sempilo yedripline futhi iyivikele ekulimaleni okwenziwa ngemishini nangokwemvelo. Uhlelo lwe-SDI lungasetshenziswa ngamanzi amdaka kwezolimo nokulungiswa komhlaba ngoba livimbela ukudluliswa kokungcola kanye nama-pathogen kusuka emanzini kuya esitshalweni nasemvelweni.
I-SDI isetshenziselwa izinhlelo ezintathu, ngokusho kwesitshalo nendlela yokulima:
- I-SDI yonyaka owodwa engajulile izilimo zemigqa nemifino
- I-SDI engapheli izilimo zemigqa nemifino
- I-SDI engapheli i-alfalfa, izivande nomoba
Isikhala sokunisela ngenkasa ye-Drip Line nokujula
Isikhala sokudonsa eceleni kwe-dripline naphakathi kwama-dripline sakhiwe ngokuya ngohlobo lomhlabathi nesitshalo, ukuze kunikezwe ukumanzana kwenhlabathi okufanayo kwesitshalo.
Ama-dripline enziwe ngamapayipi nangama-drippers (emitters). Izikhathi ezifanele phakathi kwama-drippers zibalulekile ekutholeni imiphumela emihle kunoma yiluphi uhlelo lokunisela ngenkasa.
Ukucatshangelwa okubalulekile okungu-5 lapho kukhethwa isikhala esikahle sokunisela ngenkasa sedonsi:
- Ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi:
Lapho ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi kumahhadlahhadla (inhlabathi eyisihlabathi), iphethini yokumanzisa “i-bulb” encane: amanzi angena enhlabathini ngokushesha okukhulu ekujuleni futhi kancane kancane aye ezinhlangothini. Lapho ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi kucwebe kakhudlwana, kunodaka owengeziwe nobumba phakathi, le “bulb” ibanzi futhi iphethini yokumanzisa izobukeka njengezindilinga ezinobubanzi obukhulu, uma kuqhathaniswa nenhlabathi eyisihlabathi. Izitshalo eziningi zisebenzisa ingxenye enkulu yamanzi nezakhi ezisuka engxenyeni engenhla yenhlabathi. Lapho amanzi nezakhamzimba zingena zijule, amandla ezimpande zokusebenzisa amanzi nezakhamzimba ayancipha, ngokuncipha kokuchelela ukusebenza kahle. Izikhawu ezifanele zokudonsa zizogcina umswakama ngendlela "ama-bulb" axhunywe ngayo nezimpande zingakhula ngasedropline ngaphandle kwezithiyo ezomile phakathi kwezindawo ezimanzisa.
- Usayizi wesitshalo nezikhala:
Izitshalo ezincane, eziminyene ziyazuza ezikhathini ezimfushane phakathi kwama-drippers. Lapho ama-drippers akude kakhulu nezitshalo, ukukhula kwezimpande nentuthuko kungancipha, futhi lapho ama-drippers akude kakhulu komunye nomunye kujwayelekile ukubona iphethini yokukhula engajwayelekile, lapho izitshalo eziseduze ne-drippers zithuthuka kakhulu. Lapho izakhi zomzimba zisetshenziswa ngomanyolo, umehluko wokukhula uzobonakala kakhulu ngenxa yokwehluka okwengeziwe ekusabalaliseni nasekutholakaleni kwezakhi.
- Izidingo ze-Root aeration:
Ezinye izitshalo zizwela kakhulu kunezinye kumoya ophansi wenhlabathi. Emasimini engadi yezithelo, ama-drippers amaningi phakathi kwezihlahla azothuthukisa ukunwetshwa okusheshayo kohlelo lwempande, nokukhula okusheshayo nokusimeme kwezihlahla. Ama-drippers amaningi akhuthaza ukukhula kwezimpande nokwanda enhlabathini. Lapho kunesidingo somsoco esisindayo, izimpande ezengeziwe, kanye nomthamo wenhlabathi owengeziwe, kusebenza njengesikhuseli ezitshalweni, futhi kunciphise ukuguquguquka kokudla okunempilo.
- I-root system geometry:
Uhlelo lwezimpande zezitshalo lungajula noma lungashoni. Imbangela kungaba ukufakwa kwezakhi zofuzo, ukuhlukaniswa kwenhlabathi, noma ukuchelela nokuphathwa kwezitshalo. Ezitshalweni ezinezimpande ezijulile, ibanga le-dripper lingaba likhulu, kepha-ke, lapho izitshalo zinezimpande ezingajulile, ukunisela ngamadriphu amaningi kuzokhuphula ivolumu yenhlabathi ebamba iqhaza ekuniseleni, ithuthukise ukunikezwa kwezitshalo namanzi. Ngesikhathi sokuguquka kwesizini: kusuka enkathini yemvula kuya enkathini eyomile noma okuphambene nalokho, izimpande zingadinga ukuzivumelanisa nezinguquko ezinqala kuphethini lomswakama womhlabathi. Lapho lolu shintsho lushesha, izitshalo zingase zihlushwe yingcindezi yamanzi yesikhashana. Kepha ngamadrippers amaningi (amaphuzu amaningi okumanzisa), umehluko kuphethini yomswakama womhlabathi uzoba semaphethelweni kakhulu, okuholele ekuzivumelaniseni ngokushesha nasekucindezelekeni kwamanzi okuncane ngesikhathi sokuguquka.
- Ukuhlangana:
Ezingadini zezithelo ezinezihlahla ezinkulu kunebanga elide phakathi kwezihlahla, futhi ezimweni eziningi, asikho isizathu sokunisela isikhala esiphakathi kwalezi zihlahla. Ezingadini ezinjalo zezithelo, njengama-walnuts nemithi yesundu, abasabalalisi beMetzer banikela ngesixazululo se-dripline esisha: Ukuhlanganiswa. Umqondo wokuhlanganiswa ukuthi isihlahla ngasinye siniselwa yiqembu labadonsela eduze kwesihlahla. Ngale ndlela isikhala esiphakathi kwezihlahla asiniselwa futhi wonke amanzi nezakhamzimba kufakwa eduze kwesihlahla. I-SDI yonyaka owodwa engajulile
Ku-SDI wonyaka owodwa ongajulile ama-dripline afakwa ngokujula kwe-10cm noma ngaphansi ngaphambi kokutshala noma ukutshala kwezitshalo. Ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokukhula, ama-dripline anezindonga ezijiyile ayaqoqwa ukuze asetshenziswe kabusha, kuyilapho ama-dripline anezindonga ezincane esuswa ukuze alahlwe noma ngesikhathi sokuvuna noma ngemuva kwaso.
I-SDI engapheli
Ku-SDI engapheli yezitshalo zemifino nemifino ama-dripline afakwa ngokujula kwama-20-50 cm, ngokusho kwesitshalo nendlela yokulima. Ngosizo lobuchwepheshe obusha be-agro-mechanical, ama-dripline afakwa ekujuleni nasekudaleni okudingekayo ngokubeka uphawu ngqo kwendawo ye-dripline, phansi noma nge-GPS. Ngale ndlela indawo ye-dripline ingabonakala kalula kule minyaka elandelayo futhi umonakalo wemishini entweni yokunisela ungagwenywa.
Ku-SDI engapheli ye-alfalfa, izingadi zezithelo nomoba ama-dripline afakwa ekujuleni okudingekayo nasezikhaleni ngokuya ngohlobo lomhlabathi kanye nezidingo zamanzi ezitshalo, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokumakwa kwendawo.
I-SDI iyindlela yokunisela ephezulu kakhulu namuhla. Noma kunjalo, ayinakufakwa ngempumelelo ngaphandle kokwazi nokuhlangenwe nakho okufanelekile ezindaweni zokuklama, ukufakwa nokugcinwa. IMetzer inolwazi olunzulu nemikhiqizo eyingqayizivele ebeka inkampani njengomhlinzeki oholayo wezinhlelo ze-SDI kwa-Israyeli nasemhlabeni jikelele.
I-Subsurface Drip Irrigation & Clogging
Ukukhathazeka ngokuvaleka kwedriphu yisona sizathu esikhulu esenza ukuthi i-SDI, ngaphandle kwezinzuzo zayo ezinhle kakhulu, ingabi yindlela yokunisela ethandwa kakhulu namuhla. Ukuvaleka kumadripline angaphezulu komhlaba kuvame ukubangelwa inhlanganisela yezici ezahlukahlukene emanzini, njenge-particle matter (ukuvimba komzimba), imvula yokuncibilika kwento (ukuvalwa kwamakhemikhali), noma ukuthuthukiswa kwe-biofilm kuzo zombili i-dripline kanye ne-emitters (ukuvalwa kwezinto eziphilayo) . Ezinhlelweni ze-SDI kunezimbangela ezimbili zokuvaleka: ukungena kwezimpande nokudonswa kwezinhlayiya zenhlabathi noma zokungcola kudroper ngezikhathi ezithile phakathi kwemijikelezo yokunisela.
Advanced Dripper Ukuvikelwa
IMetzer inesipiliyoni sesikhathi eside kanye nemikhiqizo yokunisela yokunisela eyingqayizivele evikela abadonsa imithambo ekuvalekeni kuzicelo ezingenhla zomhlabathi kanye neze-SDI.
Umklamo wedripper unomthelela omkhulu ekuzweleni kwakho ekuvaleni, ikakhulukazi ubukhulu besihlungi se-inlet, indawo enqamulelayo yamaphaseji wamanzi, nokuxokozela kokugeleza kwamanzi kanye ne-velocity. Ifakwe indawo yokuhlunga engenayo enkulu kunazo zonke, amapaseji amanzi abanzi nokugeleza okunesiyaluyalu ku-labyrinth, abashayeli beMetzer bangabhekana ngempumelelo nale nselele.
Inkinga yokungena kwezimpande ku-SDI imvamisa ilawulwa ngomjovo wezikhathi ezithile we-herbicide emanzini. Ama-Metzer SDI drippers asebenzisa i-RootGuard® (RG) ubuchwepheshe. I-herbicide ifakwa ekwakhiweni kwedriphu evimbela ukukhula kwezimpande nokungena okulandelayo ku-dripper.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iMetzer yathuthukisa i-ASSIF anti-siphon dripper enobuchwepheshe be-RG. Indlela elwa ne-siphon ye-ASSIF ivimbela ukuncela kwezinhlayiya zamanzi nenhlabathi kudripper kanti ubuchwepheshe beRG buvikela okokuthwebula ekungeneni kwezimpande. Ephezulu abadonsa kutholakale ukuthi amelana kakhulu nokuvaleka kohlelo lwe-SDI, noma ngabe amanzi asezingeni eliphansi njengamanzi angcolile.