Impilo yenhlabathi ibamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuvikeleni nasekuphatheni izifo zamazambane ezitholakala enhlabathini.
URobert Larkin, udokotela wezifo zezitshalo wase-USDA-ARS ozinze eMaine, uxoxe ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene izitshalo ezinganciphisa ngazo ingcindezi yezifo nakho konke ngempilo yenhlabathi kabanzi esiqeshini sakamuva samazambane ku-Tuber Talk podcast yaseCanada.
Q: Yini ukuxhumana phakathi kwempilo yomhlabathi nezifo?
ULarkin: Lokho kuhlobene kakhulu. Uma unempilo yomhlabathi engeyinhle, unezimo ezinjengamanzi anganele, ukwakheka kwenhlabathi okungekuhle, imisebenzi ephansi yamagciwane, udaba oluphansi lwezinto eziphilayo - lezo zonke izinto zingaholela ezifweni eziningi.
Imikhuba esiza ukuthuthukisa impilo yomhlabathi, ngokuvamile, izothuthukisa izifo ezibangwa inhlabathi. Ukwenza ngcono impilo yomhlabathi kungenzeka kungasusi izifo ezithwalwa yinhlabathi, kepha uzoba nezinkinga zezifo ezingaphansi komhlaba kunoma yimuphi umhlabathi onezinga elihle lempilo yenhlabathi.
Umbuzo: Ukhulume ngezitshalo ezinciphisa izifo ezisebenza ngezindlela eziningi: ngokungabi yisivikelo sesifo, ngokwehlisa ngamandla ama-pathogen, nangokwandisa impilo yenhlabathi ngakho-ke imvelo ekhulayo iyakwazi ukumelana nezifo. Ungakwazi ukunweba?
ULarkin: Ngokuvamile, sicabanga ngokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo njengokuhlaba ikhefu esivinini sakho esikhulu futhi [ngakho-ke ubude bokujikeleza benza umehluko]. Uma uphelelwe isikhathi eside kumazambane, i-pathogen ebandakanyekayo izokwehla ngobuningi ngoba asikho isivuno sokubamba esitholakalayo. Kepha ezinye izitshalo zinamandla okuthinta ngqo izifo ezibangwa inhlabathi kanye namagciwane enhlabathi.
Inqubo eyodwa kungalesi sakhi sezakhiwo zezempilo zenhlabathi - okwandisa izinto eziphilayo, ukuba nohlelo olunabile lwezimpande oluholela ekwakhiweni kwezinto eziphilayo ezincane kakhulu zenhlabathi - zonke lezi zinto zingasiza ekuvuseleleni umsebenzi wamagciwane. Ukwehlukahluka kuholela ekucindezelweni okujwayelekile kwamagciwane nezifo, futhi kungasiza nasekuvuseleleni izinto ezinenzuzo ezingaphezulu eziphikisana nezifo.
Indlela yesithathu ihlobene nesitshalo sesitshalo uqobo esivimbela ngqo amagciwane futhi sinciphise lawo magciwane. Uma kunjalo, imikhiqizo yezitshalo uqobo ikhiqiza izakhi, okuthi uma zehlisiwe, zikhiphe ubuthi noma izinhlanganisela eziguquguqukayo ezingabulala noma zivimbele ukukhula kwamagciwane. Futhi zinganciphisa ama-nematode nembewu yokhula futhi ngenqubo efana nokusebenzisa i-fumigate yamakhemikhali.
Izimila kufayela le- brassica umndeni ukhiqiza izinhlanganisela ezibizwa ngama-glucosinolates okwephuka ukukhiqiza ama-isothiocyanates. [Ama-Isothiocyanates] awumkhiqizo ofanayo wamakhemikhali njengoba ekhiqizwa ngamakhemikhali afana ne-metam sodium, okuyi-fumigant yamakhemikhali, kepha lokhu kungumkhiqizo wayo we-biologic. Ngokusika nokufaka okokutshala, kukhipha la magesi bese uthola umphumela we-biofumigant owehlisa inani lalezi zinambuzane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, eziningi zalezi zilimo ezicindezela izifo futhi ziguqula imiphakathi yezinambuzane zomhlaba ngezindlela ezingafani noma ezingafani noma ezingafani nalezi zakhiwo ze-biofumigation. [Izilimo], ezinhlanganisweni ezikhiqizayo, zishintsha ukwakheka kwezinambuzane ezincane zenhlabathi ngezinga elithile, futhi lezo futhi zingavimbela ngqo izinhlanganisela zamagciwane kanye nokwehliswa kwezifo ezithwalwa ngumhlabathi.
Q: Futhi ubona ukwanda kwezinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi ezinezilimo nezitshalo zotshani?
ULarkin: Izitshalo ezikhiqiza inani elikhulu le-biomass zizosiza ekwandiseni izinto eziphilayo nasenhlabathini, uma sezibuyiselwe enhlabathini. Lezo [zitshalo] ezinezimpande ezinemicu emifushane futhi ebanzi njengamanye otshani, zizophinde zikhiqize i-biomass engaphansi komhlaba futhi zandise i-rhizobacteria. [I-Rhizobacteria] amabhaktheriya ahlotshaniswa kakhulu nezimpande zezitshalo, futhi eziningi zazo zivikela izitshalo [futhi]. . . kungasiza ukunciphisa la magciwane asenhlabathini.
Q: Kuthiwani nge-canola?
ULarkin: ICanola iklanyelwe ukungakhiqizi okuningi kwalezi zinhlanganisela ze-glucosinolate - okungenani embewini, isayikhiqiza kwezinye izingxenye zesitshalo - kodwa ngezinga eliphansi kunamanye ama-brassicas aphezulu njenge-mustard. Ngakho-ke [i-canola] isengaba neminye yalomphumela we-biofumigant kepha hhayi ezingeni elenziwa yizi-mustard.
Kodwa-ke, i- [canola] ibonakala inendima enkulu kulokhu kuguqulwa kwemiphakathi yezinambuzane zomhlabathi. Sibonile ikakhulukazi ngomphumela olwa neRhizoctonia solani, obangela isiqu somhlanga nesikhafu esimnyama kumazambane. Sibonile, kwezinye izimo, ukusebenza kahle nge-canola uma kuqhathaniswa nalesi sifo kuneminye imikhiqizo eyenzayo. Kubonakala sengathi ihlobene kakhulu nalolu shintsho emiphakathini yezinambuzane zomhlabathi kunokuba ihlobene nomphumela we-fumigation.
Q: Ukhulume ngokuthi akumele kuphathwe kanjani isinaphi njengesinye isivuno sekhava, sidinga ukuphathwa, unganweba?
ULarkin: Kula masinaphi we-biofumigant, ukuze uthole okuningi kuwo, udinga ukuwaphatha ngokucophelela nangemikhuba ethile yokuphatha. Zidinga ukukhulelwa ngakho-ke udinga ukwengeza i-nitrogen. Futhi, ezimweni eziningi, badinga isulfure eyengeziwe. Isalfure ingenye yezakhi ezibandakanyeka ekukhiqizeni i-biofumigant. Ngokuvamile, ufuna isilinganiso se-6: 1 se-nitrogen nesibabule. Noma ngabe yini oyigqoka ku-nitrogen, ufuna inani elilinganayo lesibabule kuleso sikalo esingu-6: 1.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze lezi biofumigants zisebenze kakhulu, zidinga ukufakwa ngenkathi ziluhlaza ngokuqhakaza okugcwele. Ukuze kube nomphumela ophakeme badinga ukulinywa phansi kulesi sigaba sokuqhakaza esigcwele. Umhlabathi udinga ukuswakama uma wenza futhi. Futhi kusebenza kangcono kakhulu uma ugunda noma usika isivuno ekuqaleni bese ulandela lokho ngokushesha ngokufaka ukuze uthole inzuzo enkulu yalezi mustard.
"Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze lezi biofumigants zikwazi ukusebenza kakhulu, zidinga ukufakwa ziseluhlaza ziqhakaza ngokuphelele."
Sincoma futhi ukuthi ulandele lawo [masinaphi] ngesitshalo sekhava sokuwa ngoba, okungenani okungenani ngaphansi kwezimo zethu [eMaine], isivuno seBrassica siyatshalwa ehlobo. Ngasekupheleni kwehlobo, ngemuva kokufaka isinaphi sakho, usathola isizini eningi lapho insimu izobe ilima khona. Ngakho-ke uzofuna ukufaka isivuno sekhava lokuwa, okufana nerayi lasebusika. Noma abatshali bethu abaningi bebelokhu betshala isithombo sokulima umhlabathi ngemiphumela yaso ezuzisayo empilweni yomhlabathi kuze kufike ekunciphiseni ukubumbana. I-Tillage radish ithola inani elihle kakhulu le-biomass, kepha ikakhulukazi izosiza ngokwanda kwe-aeration nokunciphisa ukuminyana emhlabathini.
Q: Ukwakha izinto eziphilayo zenhlabathi inqubo yesikhathi eside. Kufanele uzibophezele isikhathi esingakanani ukuzama le mikhuba ngaphambi kokuthi ushintshe uzame omunye umkhuba?
ULarkin: Okuningi kwalokhu [imikhuba], akufani nokungeza i-fumigant yamakhemikhali lapho ubona khona ukwehla okukhulu onyakeni wokuqala. Kufanele ubone ukwehliswa, ukwehliswa okukhulu, kepha ngeke uyiqede inkinga yakho ngonyaka owodwa noma emibili. Futhi ezinye zalezi zinqubo zokwakha ezempilo zenhlabathi kungathatha iminyaka eminingi ukwakha izinto eziphilayo, lokho ngeke kwenzeke onyakeni owodwa noma emibili.
Siklame izivivinyo zethu ukuze sibheke le [mikhuba] esikhathini eside esizayo. Unesifundo sesistimu yokuhlwanyela yesikhathi eside ebekiwe iminyaka eyi-15 manje, lapho sikwazi ukubheka ukuthi iyini le miphumela yesikhathi eside. Ezinye zalezi zinguquko ezincane ezingakhuphuki ezingabonakala zingathi zinomthelela omkhulu kuleyo minyaka embalwa yokuqala, kepha ngemuva kweminyaka emihlanu noma eyisithupha, zingaba nomphumela omangazayo.
"Okunye esikuncomayo ukuthi awukwazi ukuthembela ekwenzeni into eyodwa futhi ulindele ukuthi ukunakekela noma iyiphi inkinga noma inkinga okhathazeke ngayo."
Enye into esiyincomayo ukuthi awukwazi ukuthembela ekwenzeni into eyodwa futhi ulindele ukuthi unakekele noma iyiphi inkinga noma inkinga okhathazeke ngayo. Ufuna ukufaka izindlela eziningi ezakheka phezu komunye nomunye futhi, futhi ziningi kangakanani lezi zindlela ezisebenza ngazo. Usebenzisa isilimo sokuzungeza esicindezelayo sesifo, isivuno sekhava, kufaka umquba oluhlaza lapho ungakwazi khona, uma kunezinye izindawo lapho ungangeza khona izichibiyelo zemvelo, zonke lezi zinto ziyizingcezu ohlelweni oluphelele.
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Izincomo ezisemqoka zokushintshaniswa kwamazambane ekahle
- Ukuba nokujikeleza okungenani kweminyaka emithathu ngobude, kusetshenziswa ukongiwa / ukulinywa okuncishisiwe lapho kungenzeka khona.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwesivuno esicindezelayo sesifo esifana nesinaphi noma isudangrass ngaphambi konyaka wamazambane. Ngokufanelekile, lesi sitshalo besizofakwa njengomquba oluhlaza bese silandelwa nesivalo (ie. Fall rye).
- Esinye isivuno sokuhweba (isib. Ibhali, ubhontshisi wesoya, i-canola) singalandela isivuno samazambane ngokushintshana.
- Kunconywa ukwengeza umquba noma ezinye izichibiyelo zemvelo, ukuthuthukisa izinto eziphilayo zenhlabathi nokukhiqiza okuhle.