'Ukuvinjelwa' ekusetshenzisweni kwe-CIPC kwabalimi bamazambane e-EU kunemboni yamazambane ezinhlangothini zombili zesiziba esithintekayo.
Ngenkathi i-chlorpropham (CIPC) iqhamuka izobuyekezwa ekuqaleni kuka-2018, abalimi bamazambane baseYurophu babengakhathazeki ngokweqile ngokulahlekelwa yi-sprout inhibitor. Kamuva ngalowo nyaka, noma kunjalo, kwacaca ukuthi ukungavuselelwa kwakuyinto yangempela.
I-European Food Safety Authority (i-EFSA) izwakalise ukukhathazeka mayelana nobungozi, kwathi lapho lezo zingqinamba zinganqanyulwa, ukugunyazwa kwahoxiswa.
Ezinye izindlela ze-CIPC ziyatholakala, kepha okwamanje azisebenzi namanje - futhi zibiza kakhulu. Ngabe ukwehliswa kwemithetho eYurophu kungaba nomthelela kubalimi bamazambane baseNyakatho Melika? Akekho owazi ngokuqinisekile, kepha ukulungela kuyisihluthulelo.
'Ukuvinjelwa' Okungalindelekile
Lapho i-chlorpropham iqhamuka izohlolwa kabusha ngo-2018, i-EFSA yacelwa ukuba ihlole umbiko wokuhlola wokuvuselela owenziwe yiRisk Management Solutions (RMS). Kunokukhathazeka okuningi okuvezwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kabusha.
Ngokuqondile, i-ESFA ithole ukuvezwa okungapheli okuphelele kwezinsalela ze-chlorpropham, ngaleso sikhathi, kwakweqile ukudla okwamukelekayo kwansuku zonke (i-ADI) ngamaphesenti ayi-180, futhi ukuvezwa kwezinsalela ze-3CA yayo yemetabolite kwakweqe i-ADI ngamaphesenti ayi-195. Ekuhloleni okunamandla, i-chlorpropham yeqe umthamo wesithenjwa esibi (i-ARfD) ngamaphesenti angama-797, i-3CA yeqa i-ARfD ngamaphesenti angama-2360.
Ngaleso sikhathi, i-EFSA iphinde yaphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana ne-endocrine ephazamisa izakhiwo ze-chlorpropham futhi yacela umbiko wokuhlola ubungozi kuma-anthropod angahlosiwe. Lapho lokhu kungeke kuphothulwe, i-European Commission (EC) yacela abafakizicelo, iqembu elenziwa yiCertis Europe, i-Aceto ne-UPL, ukuthi bahambise ukuphikisana nalokhu abakutholile.
Ukuzivikela kwabo bekungakholisi ngokwanele ukucindezela ukukhathazeka, kuchaza uNele Cattoor, umphathi wezindaba ezilawulayo eBelgapom - inhlangano engenzi nzuzo yomkhakha wezohwebo namazambane waseBelgium.
"NgoMashi 2019, leli thimba lahoxisa ukwesekwa kwazo zonke izinto ezazimele," kusho uCattoor. "Ngamanye amazwi, akukho ukusetshenziswa okuphephile okungakhonjwa."
Umkhakha wamazambane waseYurophu wamangala. "Ngo-2018, wonke umuntu wayesakholelwa ukuthi sasinethuba lokuthola ukuvuselelwa kwe-CIPC," kusho uCattoor. "Ngasekupheleni kwalowo nyaka, kwacaca ukuthi le ndawo iyisisekelo, ngenxa yezinombolo ze-ADI nezinamba ze-ARFD."
Ngenxa yalokhu, ukuvuselelwa akuzange kunikezwe futhi amazwe angamaLungu aseYurophu ayalelwa ukuthi ahoxise ukugunyazwa kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo equkethe i-chlorpropham ngoJanuwari 8, 2020.
"Kwacaca ukuthi ngenxa yobuthi obunjalo obunobuthi asisakwazi ukuqhubeka, ngonembeza omuhle, sibheke phambili," kusho uCattoor.
Iziphathimandla zinikeze isikhathi somusa esiphele ngo-Okthoba 8, 2020 futhi zatshela amazwe angamaLungu ukuthi enze isikhathi somusa sibe sifushane ngangokunokwenzeka. Amanye amazwe alinda kwaze kwaphela isikhathi somusa, kanti amanye ahoxise i-chlorpropham phambilini. EBelgium, abalimi banikezwa kuze kube nguJuni 30, 2020.
"Isiphakamiso sokuqala soMnyango wethu empeleni bekuwukusihoxisa kusuka ngoJanuwari 2020 kuya phambili," kuchaza uCattoor. "Sikwazile ukuchaza isimo sonyaka sesitshalo samazambane nokugcinwa kwaso sazelulela kuze kube sekupheleni kukaJuni 2020."
“UMnyango Wezempilo Womphakathi waseBelgium ubungafuni ukuvula umnyango wokusetshenziswa kabi ngokuwuvumela ukuthi usetshenziswe ekuqaleni kwesizini ezayo,” uyanezela. "Bebefuna ukuthi isivuno sango-2019 kube yisitshalo sokugcina esiphethwe."
Ukukhetha enye indlela
Ukulandela ukungavuselelwa, abalimi kanye nochwepheshe bokugcina baqala ukuzama ezinye izindlela ze-CIPC. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezitholakalayo, kufaka phakathi igesi ye-ethylene, i-spearmint oil (ithengiswa njenge-Biox-M), uwoyela wewolintshi (uthengiswa njenge-Argos), kanye ne-1,4DMN (ithengiswa njengeDormFresh eYurophu).
Yize kunezinye izindlela ezitholakalayo, ngayinye ibonakala iletha inselelo. Ngenkathi i-1,4DMN ivunyelwe ukusetshenziswa emazweni amaningi angamaLungu nakwamanye amazwe wesithathu, ayivunyelwe emazweni abanye babalingani abakhulu bezohwebo baseYurophu. Lokhu kwesinye isikhathi kusho ukuthi azikho izinsalela, ezihumusha zibe ngaphansi kuka-0.01 mg / kg, ezingabonakala emikhiqizweni.
1,4 IDimethylnapthalene (1,4DMN) yi-hormone yamazambane eyenzeka ngokwemvelo eqinisa ukulala, bese ivuseleleka ngokuphelele. Ngoba ngokwemvelo ikhona kumazambane, kukhona izingxoxo ezithile mayelana nokuthi izinsalela ezinkulu zikalwa kanjani.
I-United ngaphansi kwe-European Potato Processors 'Association (EUPPA), ama-processor amazambane ase-Europe njengamanje asebenzisana kakhulu ne-DormFresh ukuthola isisombululo, kusho uCattoor. Benze uhlu olubalulekile lwamazwe wesithathu (amazwe okungewona amalungu e-EU kepha anelungelo lokuhamba ngokukhululeka ngaphakathi kwe-EU) futhi basebenza ngokuzikhandla neziphathimandla ukuze bafinyelele esivumelwaneni. Ngenxa yemithetho yokuncintisana, isikhulu esiphezulu seBelgapom uChristophe Vermeulen akanayo inkululeko yokuxoxa ngamazwe wesithathu asebenza nawo noma ngani. Kodwa uthe inqubo iyaqhubeka.
Uthi: “Azikho izigaxa endleleni eya esixazululweni saphakade,” usho kanje.
Igesi le-Ethylene linikeza abalimi esinye isisombululo kodwa linezinselele futhi. Njengoba ibangela umbala ongathandeki wentshisi, ilungele kakhulu amazambane esitokisi setafula kunokucubungula amazambane. Kepha eBelgium, abanye abathengisi bathi i-ethylene ayilungele amazambane asetafuleni.
Abalimi abakhethe ukusebenzisa umkhonto no-oyili iwolintshi nabo babhekane nezinselelo. Yomibili le mikhiqizo ine-flashpoint efanayo, futhi imililo yenzekile kwezinye izimo eJalimane, lapho abafaka izicelo behlanza ngokunganele imishini phakathi kwezicelo. EBelgium, inhlangano yegatsha iBelpotato.be isebenze ngokubambisana ne-Certis ne-UPL ukubhala amashidi wolwazi wokuthi ungasebenza kanjani ngokuphepha nale mikhiqizo emisha. Zombili izinkampani ze-phyto njengamanje zisebenza ukuthola imvume ebandayo ye-nebulization, kuchaza uCattoor, okuzoqeda ingozi yomlilo.
"Lezi ezinye izindlela zithatha ukujwayela," esho. "Kuzothatha izinkathi ezithile zonyaka ukuthola ulwazi olwanele."
Izinketho Ezihlukile Zokubiza
Njengomxhumanisi ozimele wamazambane futhi ongumnikazi wePotato Solutions, uTim Kitson usebenze nabalimi bamazambane base-United Kingdom iminyaka engama-25. Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, ubonile ukuthi abalimi basuka kancane kwi-CIPC, bakhetha abalandeli be-frequency drive namanye ama-sprout inhibitors. Ngesikhathi i-CIPC ingasuswa, abalimi bamazambane base-UK base bevele behlola i-Biox-M futhi befunda ngokusebenza kwe-ethylene.
"Ukube othile ubengangibuza ukuthi ngingaqiniseka yini ukuthi ngigcina amazambane ngaphandle kwe-CIPC, bengizokwesaba futhi ngibe nokungabaza," kusho uKitson. "Kepha njengoba sihleli namuhla, cishe maphakathi nomjikelezo wethu wesitoreji, sisebenzisa kahle iBiox-M, futhi sifunda okuningi ngokusatshalaliswa komoya nokuthi umkhiqizo usebenza kanjani."
Ngenkathi iBiox-M isebenza, ukusatshalaliswa komfaniswano kungaba yinselele, kusho uKitson. I-Biox-M ingumkhiqizo oguquguqukayo ohamba nge-airstream - kungaba nzima ukufinyelela kuwo wonke amakhona weyunithi yokugcina.
Okunye ukuphazamiseka yizindleko, njengoba i-Biox-M ibiza kathathu noma kane ngaphezu kwe-CIPC. Umkhiqizo udinga ukusetshenziswa kaningi, futhi. Ngenkathi i-CIPC ingasetshenziswa njalo emavikini ayisithupha kuya kwayi-12, i-Biox-M idinga ukufakwa ezikhathini zamasonto amane kuya kwayisishiyagalombili. Emakethe esivele ingaphansi kwengcindezi, izindleko ezengeziwe zidala ukucindezeleka okuqhubekayo.
Njengamanje, i-UK ihleli kunsalela, kanti intengo yemakethe yamahhala ayiphakeme kakhulu kunezindleko zokukhiqiza. Njengoba izindleko zokugcina ziphakeme kakhulu, abalimi base-UK balwa kanzima ukwenza amamaki, kusho uKitson.
“Bekungunyaka onzima kakhulu,” usho kanje.
Ukukhathazeka kwe-CIPC eNyakatho Melika
Ngenkathi uSolwazi Wezilimo ze-University of Maine Ne-Extension USteven Johnson Akalindeli ukuvinjelwa okuqondile e-United States, ukhathazekile ngesinqumo se-EU sokususa i-CIPC. Ukukhathazeka kwakhe ngabasebenzisi nabasebenzisi bokugcina, izindawo zokudla ezisheshayo ezinjengeMcDonald's, zizofuna amazambane angenawo ama-CIPC.
Uyachaza: “I-spillback akuyona njalo ukuvinjelwa okungokomthetho. "Ukwehla kwamazambane noma ukunquma ukungawasebenzisi ngaphambi kokuvinjelwa."
Esikhathini esedlule, i-US iphinde yathumela amazambane eYurophu. Noma, lokho kukhawulelwe manje, abathengisi bokuthumela abangaphandle abazoba nentshisekelo yokuvala iminyango. UJohnson ukhathazekile nangokuvinjelwa eCanada, ngoba amazambane amaningi esifundeni sakhe acutshungulwa ngaphezu komngcele.
'Ukuvinjelwa' kwe-Europe kwi-CIPC kuholele engxoxweni enkulu ngasese. UJohnson ukholelwa ukuthi yisikhathi nje ngaphambi kokuba abalimi baseNyakatho Melika babhekane nezinselelo ezifanayo.
“Kuyinkinga, ukwazi okufanele ukwenze,” kusho uJohnson. "Ezinye zezinketho azizinhle kangako."
Ngenkathi benokufinyelela kweminye imikhiqizo, abanabo abasebenza ngokwanele ukuphatha inani lamayunithi wesitoreji abanayo njengamanje. Futhi ngenkathi abalimi bengatshala imali kwimishini, iningi lidlala umdlalo wokulinda.
“Abalimi bethu - bakhathazekile, bayaqaphela,” kuchaza uJohnson. "Bazibeka ethubeni lokusabela, kodwa asinasiqiniseko."
Ngenkathi abalimi abaningi bekulinda, abanye babheka ezinye izindlela. UJohnson ubuye alungiselele izivivinyo ezincane ukubona ukuthi yini okusebenza kangcono lapho. Okwamanje, babheke iYurophu eduze ukuze babone ukuthi abalimi bakhona baphatha kanjani ngaphandle kwe-CIPC.
“Kungumsebenzi wami ukuba phambili kwezinkinga hhayi ukuzijaha,” uyanezela.
ECanada, abalimi sebekwazi ukufinyelela kweminye imikhiqizo efana ne-1,4DMN iminyaka eyishumi manje. Ibhaliselwe ukusetshenziswa kumazambane, i-10DMN ayinayo ileveli enkulu yezinsalela eNyakatho Melika. Futhi kungukuphela komkhiqizo obhaliselwe ukuphathwa kokulala kumazambane embewu, kusho UBill Orr, umthengisi wezobuchwepheshe waseCanada e-1,4 Group Canada.
U-Orr akakhathazeki ngokweqile ngokususwa kwe-CIPC eCanada. Isanda kubhaliswa kabusha, futhi "bekungekho ngomsindo" kule mboni, usho kanje. "Angikhathazekile ngokulahleka ngokombono wokulawula, kodwa ushintsho lomhlaba jikelele ekusetshenzisweni kweCIPC lungaletha ushintsho embonini."
Ngokuzayo, noma kunjalo, i-Orr ilindele ukuthi abalimi kungenzeka banciphise ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwe-CIPC futhi bengeze ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izindlela ezinjenge-1,4SIGHT noma i-1,4ZAP.
"Ukuvinjelwa kwamahlumela eNyakatho Melika kuzoshintsha kusuka ohlelweni olujwayelekile noma olwelashwa olwesibili kuye ohlelweni lokugcina lwesikhathi lwezindlela zokwelashwa eziningi ezizoletha amazambane angenamahlumela, angenawo amasimu kubasebenzisi bokugcina," esho.
Njengo-Orr, uTerence Hochstein, umqondisi omkhulu wePotato Growers Alberta, akakhathazekile ngokulahlekelwa yi-CIPC esikhathini esifushane. Kepha kungaba yinkinga emgwaqeni lapho i-Health Canada Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) yenza esinye isibuyekezo.
"Sizonqamula lelo bhuloho lapho sifika lapho," kusho uHochstein.
UHochstein unakho ukukhathazeka, ekhomba ukuthi abathumeli bamazwe angaphandle basefry bangaqala ukusebenzisa 'i-CIPC-free' njengethuluzi lokumaketha ukuthola isabelo semakethe eNyakatho Melika noma kwenye indawo emakethe yomhlaba.
Uthi: "Bese kungadaka amanzi." "Sizolinda sibone ukuthi kuzokwenzekani ngalokho."
Ngenkathi iCanada ingathumeli amazambane asetshenzisiwe eYurophu, ithola ukungeniswa okuvela kuleli zwekazi. Ngokusho kukaKevin MacIsaac, umphathi jikelele we-United Potato Growers yaseCanada, ukungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yamazambane efriziwe e-EU eNyakatho Melika kwakukhuphuke ngamaphesenti angama-42.3 ngonyaka wezi-2020. Lokhu kufaka ukukhuphuka kwamaphesenti angama-31.3 kokungeniswa kweqhwa okuya eCanada, kanye nokwanda ngamaphesenti angama-42.8. emikhiqizweni efriziwe eya e-US
IMacIsaac ithi babheke kakhulu udaba lweCIPC. Akazi ukuthi abalimi baseCanada bazobhekana kanjani nokulahleka kwayo, uma kuza ngakho. Abalimi baseYurophu bayazwelana naye, uthi.
“Sibhekana kanjani nalokho?” Kubuza uMacIsaac. “Angazi. Ngiyethemba ukuthi asizukubhekana nayo zisuka nje. ”
“Kuyinto eseduze, kumane nje kuyindaba yokuthi kude kangakanani umkhathizwe.”
Emuva e-Europe, uCattoor uthi azikho izinhlelo zokuqhubeka nokubhaliswa kabusha. Abakhiqizi badudule, futhi bathola, umkhawulo wezinsalela eziphezulu zesikhashana (MRL). Izoqala ukusebenza ngoSepthemba 2, 2021.
"Lokhu kwavunywa ngoba i-European Commission kanye namaLungu Amazwe avumile ukungcoliswa komlando kwamazambane asebenza isikhathi eside," kuqinisekisa uCattoor.
Okwamanje, umkhakha wamazambane waseYurophu uceliwe ukuthi ulungiselele umbiko ochaza ukwenziwa kwemikhuba yokuhlanza kanye nobuningi. Ekulungiseleleni lo mbiko, iBelgapom isampule cishe izitolo zamazambane eziyi-1,000 XNUMX, ibaqaphe ngezinsalela ze-chlorpropham ngokungcoliswa okuphambene. Abalimi bacelwe ukuthi bagcwalise uhlu lwemibuzo olufushane oluchaza ukuthi bazihlanza kanjani izitoreji nokuthi kaningi kangakanani.
Imininingwane efanayo iqoqwa eFrance naseNetherlands. Imibiko kufanele ihanjiswe ku-EC ukuze ibuyekezwe ngomhlaka-31 Disemba 2021. Idokodo lizobuyekezwa eminyakeni elandelayo.