Ngaphandle kokunisela, ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane okuzuzisayo bekungeke kwenzeke ezindaweni ezinemvula ephansi. Umswakama ofanele wesikhathi eside sonyaka uyisihluthulelo sokwandisa isivuno se-tuber, ikhwalithi kanye nembuyiselo ye-grower.
n inhlabathi ekhanywe kahle, kunzima ukunisela ngokweqile amazambane ngesikhathi sokukhula ngokushesha kombhede ekuqaleni kwesizini, njengoba izitshalo ezinempilo zisebenzisa amanzi ngokushesha okukhulu njengoba zisetshenziswa. Njengoba ummbila wamazambane ukhula phakathi nonyaka, ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo kwehla kakhulu, kepha ukuchelela ngendlela efanele kusabalulekile. Lapho umbhubhu wamazambane usuthuthuke ngokuphelele, cishe maphakathi noJulayi enkabeni yeWashington, lesi sitshalo sisusa okubekwe phambili ekukhuleni kwemifino kuye ekukhulekeleni kwezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Phakathi kwezigaba zokukhula kwezitshalo ze-tuber bulking kuya ekuvuthweni, sicwaninge le mibuzo:
- Sidinga amanzi angakanani isitshalo esithuthuke ngokugcwele (isiqongo sompheme kanye nezimpande)?
- Kukusiphi isikhathi lapho ukuchelela ngasekupheleni kwesizini kuba ngokweqile?
- Ingabe ama-cultivars asabela ngendlela efanayo?
Izindlela zokucwaninga
Unyaka ngamunye kusuka ngo-2018-20, sasitshala izimbewu ezinhlanu zamazambane - i-Alturas, i-Clearwater Russet, iRanger Russet, iRusset Burbank ne-Umatilla Russet - eduze kwase-Othello, eWashington, futhi sayikhiqiza sisebenzisa ukuchelela okujwayelekile kwabalimi phakathi kokuvela kanye naphakathi nesikhathi sonyaka. Ukunisela okujwayelekile kwabalimi kulethwe ku-100% we-evapotranspiration (ET), kulinganiselwa kusetshenziswa uhlelo olususelwa kuwebhu lweWashington State University (WSU).
Lapho umgqomo wezitshalo nezimpande sezikhule kakhulu - kulinganiselwa ezinsukwini ezingama-1500 ezikhulayo (izinga lokushisa eliyi-45 ℉, elinomkhawulo ongaphezulu wama-95 ℉), okwakuphakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-95 nezili-105 ngemuva kokutshala (DAP) - amazinga amahlanu okunisela kusetshenziswe kuwo wonke ama-cultivars: 120% ET, 100% ET (kubhekwe izinga lokutshala), 80% ET, 60% ET kanye no-40% ET. Imishanguzo yokunisela yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yilapho kubulawa imivini noma yafa (~ 150 DAP), futhi inhlabathi yagcinwa imanzi kuze kube sekuvuneni. Isivuno se-tuber nekhwalithi kwahlolwa futhi kubuyiswa umlimi kusetshenziswa inkontileka yokucubungula ejwayelekile yaseFrance.
Imiphumela nengxoxo
(Ngenxa yokucatshangelwa kwesikhala sekhasi, akuyona yonke idatha ekhonjiswayo.) Isamba semikhiqizo yezinhlamvu ezine ezingezona ze-Alturas sifinyelele ku-100% ET, kuyilapho i-Alturas ifike ku-80% ET. Ukunisela okungaphezu kuka-100% ET kwehlulekile ukuthuthukisa kakhulu isivuno esiphelele kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilimo. Izinga lokunisela lonyaka wesizini yangaphansi kuka-100% ET liholele ekwehliseni okuphelele kwesivuno okufika kuma-26% kuwo wonke ama-cultivars. Inqubo eguqulwe ngokuphelele yenziwa ngokunisela phakathi kuka-80% ET no-100% ET kuwo wonke ama-cultivars (bona Umfanekiso 1).
Ukubuya okuphelele kwe-Alturas ne-Umatilla Russet kwafika lapho ukunisela ngenkathi yangesikhathi sekwephuzile kufakwa noma ngaphezulu kwe-80% ET. Imbuyiselo ephelele yandiswa nge-100% ye-ET esikhundleni se-Clearwater Russet, iRanger Russet neRusset Burbank (Umfanekiso 1). Ku-40% ET, ukubuyiswa okuphelele kuncishisiwe kuze kufike ku-38% kwe-Clearwater Russet futhi ngaphansi kuka-30% kwezinye izinhlobo. Inqubo eguqulwe ngokuphelele yancishiswa ngenxa yokulahleka kwesivuno esithengiswayo nekhwalithi ye-tuber.
Njengoba izinga lokunisela lehla, iphesenti lesivuno esiphelele esinezilimo eziyizigaxa zase-US No. 1 lenyuka; amazinga aphezulu okunisela aholele kwizilimo eziyizigaxa ezinkulu, ezimbi. Isibonelo, izitshalo ze-Alturas zikhiqize ukukhula kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezikhula kakhulu njengoba amazinga okunisela enyuka (Umfanekiso 2). Cishe ku-25% wezilimo eziyizigaxa ze-Alturas ziqukethe imifantu yokukhula lapho ukunisela kuningi ngokweqile (i-120% ET).
Esinye isici esithinta ukubuya okwedlulele kwazo zonke izilimo kube wukulahleka kwamandla adonsela phansi athile njengoba amazinga okunisela enyuka (Umfanekiso 3). Izitshalo ezithola ukuchelela okuncane, zikhiqize izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinoketshezi olomile kakhulu kunalezo ezingaphansi kwamazinga aphezulu okunisela. Umbala wefry waseFrance wazo zonke izilimo wancishiswa njengoba amazinga okunisela enyuka phakathi nengxenye yokugcina yesizini; kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke ama-cultivars ahlangabezana nokulahleka okufanayo ngombala wefry, futhi bekungabalulekanga ngaso sonke isikhathi ekwamukelweni kwemakethe.
iziphetho
Ukugwema ukuchelela ngokweqile phakathi nengxenye yokugcina yesizini kuzothuthukisa ikhwalithi ye-tuber futhi kunciphise imifantu yokukhula (i-Alturas). Zonke izilimo zikhiqize imbuyiselo nezomnotho ezinhle kakhulu lapho izilimo ziniselwa ngenkasa noma ngaphezulu kuka-80% ET kusuka maphakathi nesizini kuya ekubulaweni komvini. Sincoma ukuthi abalimi be-Alturas behle kusuka ku-100% ET kuye ku-80% ET phakathi kwamasonto amane kuya kwayisithupha wokukhula okuholela ekubulaweni komvini. Lokhu kufanele kuholele ekubuyiseleni okuphelele kokulima ngokulondoloza isivuno namandla adonsela phansi athile ngenkathi kuncishiswa ukuqhekeka kokukhula kwamatayitela.
Kwi-Clearwater Russet, iRanger Russet neRusset Burbank, sincoma ukuchelela phakathi naphakathi nesizini kwe-100% ET, ne-Umatilla 80-100% ET, kuze kube cishe amasonto amathathu ngaphambi kokuba umvini ubulale / ubikezele ukufa kwezitshalo. Emasontweni amathathu ngaphambi kokuvuna, sincoma ukuthi abalimi banciphisele emuva ku-80% ET ukuvumela izitshalo nezilimo eziyizigaxa ukuba zikhule ngokwemvelo.
Ukwehlisa ukuchelela kwesikhathi sonyaka sekwephuzile nakho kungaholela ekuqineni kwesibalo sezilimo eziyizigaxa ngenxa yokwehla kwezifo nokubola okuhambisana nakho, okungakhula njengoba izilimo eziyizigaxa zihlala enhlabathini enomanzi noma emanzi elindele ukuvunwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwehla okungazelelwe kwamanzi enhlabathi atholakalayo ngasekupheleni kwesizini kubalulekile ekukhuliseni imiphumela ebangelwa ukuvuthwa. Yize kungenjalo ngqo, i-100% ET ivame ukulingana nokuqukethwe kwamanzi omhlabathi anebanga elingama-80-100% lomthamo wensimu ngesikhathi sokunisela okusebenzayo nokukhula kwezitshalo. Amanzi omhlabathi atholakalayo ku-80% ET cishe angama-65-70% womthamo wensimu.
Ababhali babonga iNorthwest Potato Research Consortium, iWashington State Potato Commission nemboni, kanye neWashington State University ngokuxhasa lo msebenzi. UFrancisco Gonzalez wenze lolu cwaningo ngokulandela i-Ph.D. Yakhe. ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kukaMark Pavek, iWashington State University Potato Research Group.