Ngokuzayo, izambane kufanele liphume ekubeni yimifino nje liye ekukhetheni ukuphepha kokudla. Uma kubhekwa ubukhona obuncane bomhlaba olinywayo ezweni ukukhiqizwa okuphezulu kwamazambane kufanele kuholwe ukukhula komkhiqizo. Umhlahlandlela wesikhathi esizayo we-R&D yamazambane e-CPRI uzogxila kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni umkhiqizo wamazambane ufike ku-34.51 t/ha ngonyaka ka-2050. Inhloso yesibili yalesi sikhungo kuzoba ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yamazambane njengoba ifunwa yimboni kanye nabathengi bamazambane embonini. inkathi yokuthuthukiswa komnotho, amandla aphezulu okuthenga kanye nokuzimisela ukukhokhela kakhulu ikhwalithi oyifunayo. Ucwaningo ngokugcinwa kwamazambane okuthuthukisiwe luzoqondiswa njengenye ingxenye ebalulekile ukuze kwehliswe ukulahlekelwa ngemva kokuvuna phakathi neminyaka engama-40 ezayo.
Isu lokuzuza okuhlosiwe
Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokuhlosiwe futhi kubhekwane nezinselele okulindelekile, kuzosetshenziswa isu elinezinhlangothi eziyisikhombisa ukuze kufezwe izinjongo ezibekwe embonweni.
- Ukuxhashazwa okusebenzayo kwemithombo yofuzo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinhlobonhlobo
• Ukuhlukaniswa kwamangqamuzana nokuthuthukiswa kokuqoqwa okuyinhloko kwe-germplasm.
Ukuzalanisa kwangaphambili kanye nokuthuthukiswa kofuzo lwamazambane
Izinhlobo ze-Wild Solanum ziwumthombo ocebile wokuhlukahluka kwezingcindezi ze-biotic noma ze-abiotic, kanye nezici ezifiselekayo zezolimo namanje ezingakasetshenziswa. Ukuze kwandiswe izakhi zofuzo zamazambane atshaliwe, kuyadingeka ngokushesha ukuthi amandla ofuzo alezi zinhlobo zasendle asetshenziswe ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane ukuze kubhekwane nezindaba zokuvikeleka kokudla ngendlela eqhubekayo. Kudingeka ukusebenzisana kwamazwe ngamazwe mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-germplasm yasendle ukongiwa kanye nokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwezilwane zasendle, ukufinyelela ezinhlobonhlobo zezakhi zofuzo zezilwane zasendle, imisebenzi yokumbiwa kwezakhi zofuzo ngamathuluzi e-genomics, isu elihlelekile nelididiyelwe lokuhlola, ukuhlukaniswa kwezici ezihlukahlukene, ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu. , kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi e-molecular/genomics ukuthuthukisa amazambane.
Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lwangaphambi kokuzalanisa e-CPRI luzogxila kakhulu ekutholeni izinhlobo zezilwane zasendle kumabhange ezakhi zofuzo, ukuhlolwa kwalezo zinhlobo zezilwane zasendle ukuze kutholwe izici ezihlukahlukene ezifiselekayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwezakhi zofuzo eziphakeme nge-somatic hybridization kanye ne-2n gametes fusion, ukuklama inani labantu abakhethiwe. izici, ukuqoqwa okuyisisekelo kanye nezimpawu zamangqamuzana ezixhumene eziholela ekuphuleni imigoqo yesivuno kumazambane.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwesibalo sabantu abadweba amamephu kanye nokuzalanisa ngaphambili okuhlanganisa nama-somatic hybrids ukuze kusetshenziswe izakhi zofuzo ezibanzi.
• I-Heterosis namandla ayingxubevange okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwamandla okukhiqiza amazambane.
I-hybrid Potato
Nakuba zonke izinhlobo zamazambane ezithuthukiswe emhlabeni wonke ziyi-hybrids kodwa i-hybrid vigour/heterosis ayisetshenziswanga ngokugcwele njengoba imigqa yabazali ingeyona in-breed/pure lines. Imbewu yamazambane eqiniso (i-TPS) ekhiqizwe ngokocansi inesithembiso esihle sokutshala amazambane asuka kumbewu yezitshalo esikhundleni sezigaxa. Cishe wonke amagciwane awakwazi ukuthelela i-TPS ngokuphunyuka okufiselekayo ekuwohlokeni kwekhwalithi yembewu. Enye yezinkinga ngokuzalanisa izinhlobo zamazambane ezingasakazwa futhi zitshalwe embewini yangempela ukuntuleka kokufana ezicini zezolimo. Imvelo ehlukile ye-TPS kungenxa yemvelo ye-heterozygous yabazali. Imigqa emsulwa/imigqa yabazali abazalelwe yona ayikwazi ukukhiqizwa ezambaneni ngenxa yokudangala okukhulu kokuzalanisa kanye nokungahambelani kwakho. Ezambaneni elilinywe kancane, isakhi sofuzo se-self-incompatibility inhibitor (Sle) siyaziwa. Lesi sakhi sofuzo singahlelwa kumazambane atshaliwe ngamasu e-CASPER-CAs okukhiqiza isici esithile sabazali abangama-homozygous ukuze basebenzise amandla ayingxubevange.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane kanye nenani labantu isikhathi esifushane, ukucubungula, ukwenziwa kwesitashi, ukubekezelela ukushisa nesomiso, ukubekezelela ukucindezeleka kwe-biotic, ukusetshenziswa kahle kwezakhi, kharif inkathi, ukuthumela ngaphandle, ukugcwala kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, kanye nezibalo ze-TPS.
2. Ukusetshenziswa okuphephile kwe-biotechnology ekwenzeni ngcono amazambane
- I-Structural genomics kanye ne-bioinformatics yokuthuthukisa izimpawu zamangqamuzana eziqinile zezici zekhwalithi nenani.
- I-genomics esebenzayo yokutholwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezicini eziqondiwe ezifana nokumelana nokuqina kwe-blight sekwephuzile, ukubekezelela ukushisa, ukushisa kwe-tuberization ephezulu, amanzi angcono nokusebenzisa kahle izakhi.
- I-Proteomics kanye ne-metabolomics yezifundo eziyisisekelo mayelana ne-tuberization, i-photosynthesis, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-photo-assimilates, isitashi se-metabolism, i-carotenoid ne-flavonoid synthesis, ikhwalithi yamaprotheni okugcina, ikhwalithi yokucubungula.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa okungenamaki kanye nesayithi elithile lama-transgene.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwezambane elishintshashintshayo elinokumelana okuthuthukisiwe/ ukubekezelela izingcindezi ze-biotic/abiotic kanye nokwenza ngcono umsoco kanye nekhwalithi yokucubungula.
3. Ukukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwezinto zokutshala ezisezingeni eliphezulu
- Ukuthuthukiswa nokumiswa kwezindleko eziphansi nezindlela zokusabalalisa ngobuningi ezisebenzayo - i-aeroponics, ubuchwepheshe be-bio-reactor.
Ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yabazalanisi
Njengamanje i-CPRI ikhiqiza cishe ama-quintals angu-30,000 enucleus kanye nembewu yokuzalanisa minyaka yonke eyanele kuphela ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sembewu yezambane elinempilo ezweni. Kodwa-ke, uma kubhekwa ukukhiqizwa kwamathani ayizigidi eziyi-125 amazambane ukusuka kumahektha ayizigidi ezi-3.62 ngo-2050, lokhu kunikezwa kwembewu yomfuyi kungenzeka kungabikho isidingo. I-CPRI ihlose ukukhiqiza i-nucleus kanye nembewu yokuzalanisa phakathi kuka-2020, 2030, 2040 no-2050 okulingana nama-quintals angu-33,000, 36,000, 39,000 kanye no-42,000 ngokulandelana. Njengoba kunendawo elinganiselwe yokwandisa inani lembewu yokuzalanisa emapulazini e-CPRI ngenxa yomkhawulo wokutholakala okwengeziwe komhlaba wokukhiqiza imbewu ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisana nezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni isib. ama-SAU ayahlolwa.
• I-Vector Dynamics kanye nemithelela yayo kwikhwalithi yembewu.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwezibalo ze-homozygous TPS kusetshenziswa ama-apomix kanye ne-monohaploidy
4. Ukuhlela okusekelwe kwizinsiza kanye nokuphathwa kwezitshalo
- Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezinhlelo Zokusekela Izinqumo ezisekelwe ku-IT/amathuluzi okuhlelwa kwezitshalo kanye nokulawulwa kokhula, imisoco, amanzi, izifo kanye nezinambuzane ngaphansi kwesimo sokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.
- Ukuma kobuchwepheshe obuholela ekuthathweni kwekhabhoni ngcono kanye nempilo yomhlabathi.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokuthuthukisa okokufaka kusebenzisa ukusebenza kahle ngokulima ngokunemba kanye nokunisela ngenkasa okuncane.
Micro-irrigation kumazambane
I-Micro-irrigation (i-drip kanye ne-sprinkler) ivumela ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi amaningi endaweni kanye nasezindaweni ezizungezile zezimpande zezitshalo. Lolu hlelo luwusizo ekufakweni kukamanyolo nezibulala-zinambuzane okuholela ekusetshenzisweni kahle kwezinto zokukhiqiza. Izambane linezimpande ezingajulile futhi ezingashoni futhi cishe amanzi angama-70% asetshenziswa yisitshalo kusuka kungqimba lomhlabathi olungaphezulu kuka-30 cm. Idinga u-400-600 mm wamanzi okunisela kuye ngezimo zezulu, uhlobo lwenhlabathi, ubude benkathi yokukhula, ubude besikhathi sokuhlukahluka, inhloso yezitshalo nezindlela zokuchelela njll. I-CPRI ithuthukise ubuchwepheshe bokuchelela okuncane okusetshenziselwa isilimo samazambane. Ngokuvundisa imisoco ifakwa ngokuchelela (i-drip) eduze nendawo yezimpande zezitshalo ukuze kuhlinzekwe umswakama nomsoco ngesikhathi sonke sokukhula kwezitshalo. Ukuvundisa nge-sprinkler kuyindlela entsha lapho umsoco ikakhulukazi i-nitrogen isetshenziswa ngokufafaza ngokufafaza ngamahlamvu ngqo eqabungeni. Lezi zindlela zokuchelela/zokuvundisa zonga emanzini (cishe u-30-50% wonga) ngesikhathi esifanayo zinikeza isivuno esiphezulu esingu-15-30. ngo-25% yokonga kumanyolo. Ubuchwepheshe bamukelwe abalimi bamazambane ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zezwe, nokho, iGujarat ingase ibhekwe njengesibonelo sokwamukelwa kwezindlela zesimanje zokunisela njengoba umbuso unokwamukelwa okuphezulu kakhulu kobuchwepheshe bokuchelela okuncanyana okubandakanya nezitshalo zamazambane. Ngenxa yalokho, iGujarat inokukhiqiza amazambane aphezulu kakhulu eNdiya.
5. Ukuvikelwa kwezitshalo eco-friendly
- Ukufaka kukhathalogi ukuhlukahluka kofuzo kanye namandla ezibalo ezintsha ze-pathogen/ izinambuzane (I-Pathogenomics).
- Ukuthuthukiswa kokuxilonga ukuze kutholwe amagciwane kokubili elabhorethri neleveli yasensimini kusetshenziswa ama-micro-array kanye ne-nano-technologies.
- I-Ecology kanye nokuphathwa kwama-microorganisms anenzuzo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhiqiza kwezitshalo nokulawulwa kwezifo.
Amakhithi e-dipstick ephathekayo
Isikhungo sithuthukise amakhithi e-dipstick aphathwayo ukuze kutholwe izinga lensimu amagciwane amakhulu amazambane asuselwa ekuhlolweni kwe-lateral flow immunoassay kwegciwane elilodwa noma inhlanganisela yamagciwane amabili. Lawa makhithi ayaphatheka futhi kulula ukuwasebenzisa yinoma yimuphi ababambiqhaza okuhlanganisa nabalimi abasemazingeni aphansi ukuze bathole izinga lezempilo lesitshalo samazambane. Lezi zinsiza zikhishwe nguNgqongqoshe oHloniphekile wezoLimo ngosuku lwe-Foundation of ICAR ngemuva kokuqinisekiswa ezikhungweni ze-AICRP (P) kanye nabalimi abathuthukayo.
6. Ukukhuthaza ukonga amandla kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezambane ngezinhlobonhlobo
- Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokugcina izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kuzo zombili izimo zangaphakathi nangaphandle kwepulazi.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo ezintsha, imikhiqizo kanye nobuchwepheshe bokusetshenziswa kokusetshenziswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane okuhlanganisa nokusetshenziswa kukadoti.
- Ukuqinisa ukudla ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lokudla okunomsoco lokudla okugayiwe.
- Ubuchwepheshe bokwehlisa inkomba ye-glycemic.
7. Ukuqinisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwesikhungo nomlimi ukuze kusatshalaliswe ubuchwepheshe
- Izifundo zokuqhathanisa zenzuzo yasemapulazini ngokuqhathanisa namandla okufaka isandla ku-GDP ngezitshalo ezihlukahlukene, ukuze kuhlinzekwe okokufaka kwenqubomgomo okuphumelelayo.
- Ukusatshalaliswa kobuchwepheshe okunekhono ngenhlanganisela efanele yamathuluzi esandiso endabuko nawesimanje.
Cutting Edge Research Themes
I-CPRI izosebenzisa amatimu ocwaningo alandelayo ku-ajenda yayo ye-R&D yesikhathi esizayo.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwamazambane aguquguqukayo ukuze kubhekwane nezindawo ezinobungozi kakhulu. ukucindezeleka kwe-biotic kanye ne-abiotic, ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo okubanzi.
Izinhlobo ezingathathi hlangothi zosuku lokuvuthwa
Ukugcizelelwa kwesikhathi esizayo kwalesi sikhungo kuzoba ekusebenziseni ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-genomics, i-transcriptomics namanye ama-omics emkhakheni wokuthuthukisa amazambane. Izakhi zofuzo kanye nama-alleles aziwa ngokukhula kwe-tuberization nokuvuthwa, ngakho-ke, maduze nje kuzoqinisekiswa kakhulu ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo ezivuthwa ezinsukwini ezingama-50-60 futhi ezikwazi ukufakwa ngokulandelana kwezitshalo ezahlukahlukene.
• Umkhakha wokucubungula: ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo ezibandayo zokusika.
• Umkhakha wembewu: ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane ezindaweni okungezona ezendabuko.
• Umkhakha wezempilo: ukuthuthukiswa kwamazambane anenkomba ephansi ye-glycemic kanye ne-antioxidant ephezulu.
• Ukukhonjwa kofuzo olusha kanye nezimpawu zezimpawu ezibalulekile.
• Isivuni samazambane esizishintshayo ngokugcwele ukuze sinciphise abasebenzi.
• Ucwaningo lweproteomics yamazambane kanye ne-phenomics ngokubhekiselwe ekuthuthukisweni kwesifo sofuba.
• Umaka wamangqamuzana wesizukulwane esilandelayo, i-SNP, ngokubhekiselwa ekumelana nezifo kanye nezici zekhwalithi, izothuthukiswa ngokumbiwa kwe-allele kanye nokuphindaphinda.
• Uhlelo oluhlakaniphile lwe-Bio-Risk intelligent (ukuqapha iphethini yobuhlanga yamagciwane ahlukene nezinambuzane kanye nezinhlelo zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi) luzothuthukiswa ukuze kuthathwe izinqumo ezinolwazi emazingeni endawo, esifunda kanye nakazwelonke.
• I-ICT, i-GIS kanye nezinketho zokuzwa ezikude zizosetshenziswa ukuze kuqondwe futhi kuncishiswe imiphumela emibi yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokufudumala komhlaba, ukuhlonza izindawo ezintsha ezitshalwa amazambane kanye nokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusekela izinqumo ukuhlangabezana nezinselele ezinzima ezizayo.
Ukuhambisana kwe-CPRI ngo-2050
Ngaphansi kwethonya lokwenziwa kwangasese ngokushesha kanye nokuchithwa kwezikhungo eziqhutshwa uhulumeni, kusobala ukucabanga ukuthi izikhungo zikahulumeni ezifana ne-CPRI zizohlala zibalulekile yini ngo-2050 noma cha? Impendulo ayilula futhi iqonde phambili. Kuyaqinisekiswa ukuthi izikhungo ezinjalo kuzodingeka zithembele kakhulu kwizinsiza ezizenzela zona ngokusebenzisana kwangasese, amaphrojekthi okubonisana kanye nokuletha izixazululo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ukuze ziphile. I-CPRI isivele iqalile ukudayiswa kobuchwepheshe bayo obufana ne-aeroponics kanye nomanyolo we-bio (B-5) njll. Ikhono elingavamile lesikhungo lokuphendula ngokushesha futhi lilungise isimo esisha lenza kube umuntu ofanelekayo hhayi kuphela ukuthi aphile ngo-2050 kodwa isikhungo kulindeleke ukuthi ivele njengesikhungo sokwenza kahle ku-R&D yamazambane ezingeni lomhlaba ngaleso sikhathi.
I-CPRI inokulungela okwanele, hhayi kuphela ukugcina isikhundla sayo njengenhlangano ephambili yamazambane ye-R&D yezwe, kodwa futhi nokuvela njengesikhungo esiphambili socwaningo emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu ukuzethemba akuveli nje emicabangweni oyifisayo, kodwa kusekelwe phezu kwezinsiza ezisezingeni lomhlaba ezakhiwe kulesi sikhungo ngokusebenza kanzima kweminyaka embalwa. Ngokuba yilungu le-Indian ye-consortium yezikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe ezingu-26 eziphuma emazweni angu-14 ekuhlaziyeni i-genome yamazambane kanye nokushicilela okuphumayo encwadini yesayensi ehamba phambili emhlabeni wonke ethi 'Nature', i-CPRI isivele iluqalile uhambo lwayo oluya kule ndawo. Ngonyaka ka-2050 i-CPRI izobe ingeyena nje umlingani onikelayo ezinhlelweni zocwaningo lwamazambane zamazwe ngamazwe kodwa izosebenza njengomholi wocwaningo lwe-R&D yamazambane omhlaba, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo nezindawo ezishisayo.