Izimbali zasendle ezikhuliswe ngeziqephu zezitshalo zamazambane zingalawula ama-aphid athwala izifo futhi zingasiza abalimi ukuthi babhekane nenani elinciphayo lama-insecticide. Izindawo zezimbali zasendle ezitshalwe emadlokweni naphakathi kwezitramu zezilimo zikhonjisiwe ukuheha izitha zemvelo zezinkukhu - okuyi-hoverflies, lacewings kanye ne-ladybirds.
IScotland Agronomy, iqembu labeluleki bezitshalo, belilokhu likhungathekisa le ndlela ukusiza abalimi babhekane nokuvinjelwa kwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane futhi kwandise ukumelana ne-aphid kwabanye. Izinga legciwane eliphambili lamazambane eliyingozi i-Y, uhlobo lwe-N (PVYn), manje selisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu ezitshalweni zamazambane ezimbewu iminyaka engama-20, okugcizelela isidingo sezindlela ezintsha zokulawula i-aphid. U-Eric Anderson, isazi sezolimo namahlathi esiphezulu kuleli qembu, uthi bobabili benziwa futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, abakhiqizi bamazambane embewu babheke phambili lapho kutholakala khona ama-insecticide ambalwa asebenzayo.
"Umbono wukunciphisa izibulala-zinambuzane futhi abatshali bayabona ukuthi ezinye izinambuzane ngeke zitholakale esikhathini esizayo," usho kanje.
Ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali
Ama-insecticide e-Pyrethroid njengamanje asabuyekezwa ngabalawuli, kuyilapho ezinye izintwala seziyaqina noma zikhombise ukushintsha kokuzwela kule mikhiqizo. Okwamanje, izindlela ezifana ne-acetamiprid (Insyst) ne-flonicamid (Teppeki) zinezinombolo ezimbalwa zezicelo ezivunyelwe ezitshalweni zamazambane embewu, futhi imikhawulo ingaqina ngokuqhubekayo.
Noma izitshalo zamazambane zembewu yaseScotland zikhula ngaphezu kwenhlabathi amasonto ayisishiyagalombili kuya kwayishumi, ukulawulwa kwama-aphid kubalulekile empilweni yembewu nasekusebenzeni kwayo yonke imboni. UMnu Anderson ulinge inqubo yokutshala imixube yezimbali zasendle kuma-headlands, kungaba ngama-10m aqaqa bonke ububanzi be-tramline noma bonke obunye ububanzi be-tramline. Lokhu kudala imihubhe edlula kulesi sitshalo kanye nokwehlukahluka okuningi, ukusuka kude nohlelo lokulima okulinywa ngokwengeziwe ngokuthembela kakhulu ekulawuleni amakhemikhali.
Izimbali zasendle ziyaxubeka
Umsebenzi kaMnu Anderson uhlonze izinhlobo ezinjenge-cornflower, i-vetch ejwayelekile kanye ne-yarrow njengezindlu ezinhle zokukhuliswa kwezitha ze-aphid, futhi lezi zimbali zasendle zisezingeni eliphansi lokukhula ukuze zilingane nezitshalo zamazambane. Usalungisa ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo okufanele zihlwanyelwe futhi zihlwanyele izinsuku, futhi uthemba ukuthi lokhu kungavumela abalimi ukuthi banciphise ukusebenzisa kwabo izinambuzane ngokuzayo. Inkinga yegciwane engaba khona kumazambane iphinde ibhebhethekiswe ukuhoxiswa kwe-diquat (Reglone) njenge-desiccant. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuthuthwa kwezitshalo kuhlala kuluhlaza isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke kusengozini enkulu evela kuma-virus aphinda asakazwa yi-aphid.
Umsebenzi wokucwaninga eSwitzerland, owenziwa nguMatthias Tschumi, uthole ukuthi imicu yezimbali zasendle iyasebenza kakhulu ekuheheni izitha zama-aphid nasekunciphiseni ukuminyana kwe-aphid. Ezitheni ezintathu zemvelo, ama-hoverflies akhombise ukwanda okukhulu kakhulu kwamanani emapheshaneni uma kuqhathaniswa namazambane azungezile, kuyilapho izintambo zezintambo nezintokazi nazo zikhuphuke kakhulu.
Isikhathi se-Lag
UMnu Anderson uveza ukuthi kungaba nesikhathi sokusalela kuze kube yilapho izitha zemvelo zithole isikhathi sokwakha izinombolo zazo. Ngakho-ke, kukhona amathuba okuphathwa kwezinambuzane okuhlanganisiwe (i-IPM) esebenzisa amathuluzi wendabuko nawesimanje ukulawula izintwala. Le ndlela iphenywa epulazini lamazambane e-AHDB eMorphie, enyakatho yeMontrose, futhi kunethemba lokuthi ukwamukelwa okubanzi kwe-IPM kuzothuthukisa ukulawulwa kwe-PVYn ngenkathi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.
Impilo yegciwane lamazambane embewu yaseScotland iyindawo yokuthengisa eyingqayizivele eBrithani nasemhlabeni jikelele. Kodwa-ke, inani legciwane ezitshalweni lenyuke kakhulu phakathi nonyaka ka-2019 nowe-2020, ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lamatshe aqoshwe eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-20. Igciwane eliyinhloko lokukhathazeka yi-PVY kanti uhlobo oluyinhloko manje yi-PVYn, ne-peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae) ethathwa njenge-vector esebenza kahle kakhulu yegciwane. Leli gciwane lingadala ukulahleka kwesivuno esiqonde ngqo, izilonda zesifo sofuba nokuqhekeka. Igciwane le-potato leaf roll nalo lenyukile, yize lisuka endaweni ephansi kakhulu.