Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bePulse Electric Field (PEF) enkundleni yokucubungula ukudla imele ukonga izindleko kanye nezinyathelo ezandayo zokusimama emkhakheni wefry kanye ne-chip.
I-PEF yaqala ukutholwa onjiniyela baseJalimane ngawo-1950. Kuze kwaba ngawo-1990 lapho izicelo zokutholakala kwamaseli nokulungiswa kokudla zaqala ukwenziwa eYurophu. Ubuchwepheshe be-PEF budalula izindonga zamaseli yemifino ukuqhuma okuncane, kwe-micro-second njengoba kudlula emanzini okugeza. Inkambu kagesi eshaywayo idala ukuthambeka nokuthamba kwezicubu kodonga lweseli okuholele ekutheni kuvuze ujusi weseli nokulahleka kokwehlisa ushukela nama-amino acid ekuqhubekeni kwenqubo.
Ngokucolisiswa kobuchwepheshe be-PEF ngawo-1990 kwafika imboni yokuqala esetshenziswa ngabakhiqizi besiFulentshi eYurophu. Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu lama-21 ubuchwepheshe bamukelwa yizinkampani zamazwe omhlaba jikelele, futhi namuhla ubuchwepheshe be-PEF buthathwa njengezinga lomkhakha ekukhiqizweni kwamafriji aseFrance emhlabeni wonke.
Ukwamukelwa kwalobu buchwepheshe obusha ngabakhiqizi besiFulentshi kule minyaka eyishumi edlule kuholele entuthukweni ephawulekayo ezinyathelweni ezizinzile ekusetshenzisweni okuncane kwamanzi, amandla no-oyela okuholele ezindlekweni zokonga ezihambisanayo. Ukufuna ukuqhubekisela phambili umkhondo we-Idaho embonini yokucubungula amazambane, uMnyango Wezohwebo wase-Idaho waklomelisa I-Idaho Global Entrepreneurial Mission (IGEM) unikeze u- $ 291,770 ku- Boise State University (BSU) ngokubambisana neFood Physics, ezinze eBoise, ngoFebhuwari 23, 2021 ukusiza iFood Physics ukwethula ubuchwepheshe be-PEF emkhakheni wamazambane kanye nemboni yokudla okulula.
Izibonelelo ze-IGEM zisebenza njengebhuloho labacwaningi baseyunivesithi ukuthi basebenzisane namabhizinisi emikhakha ezimele yase-Idaho futhi ngokusebenzisa lobu budlelwano kuthuthukise, kukhulise futhi kusungule amathuba amasha ezomnotho kuhulumeni. Lesi sibonelelo sanikezelwa ekucwaningeni nasekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe be-PEF ekwehliseni ushukela nama-amino acid kuzambane ekugcineni okuholele ekwehliseni i-acrylamide ekukhiqizeni ama-chips amazambane.
UMcDougal, onguprofesa we-BSU futhi ongusihlalo woMnyango Wezamakhemikhali Nezamakhemikhali, uthe ucwaningo oluxhaswe yisibonelelo luzogxila ekukhiqizeni ama-potato chip, kodwa luzofaka neminye imifino eyimpande. “Sizokwazi ukuqasha i-Ph.D. usosayensi ozokwazi ukusebenza phakathi kweFood Physics neBoise State, ”kusho yena. "Lesi sikhundla sizoba yingxenye yokuhlanganisa igebe lesayensi phakathi kwezimboni ezizimele kanye nendawo yokufunda." UMcDougal uthe lesi sibonelelo sizophinde sinikeze abafundi amathuba emisebenzi futhi sibasize ukubalungiselela ukuqashwa ngokuzayo.
"Izitshudeni ezisebenza kulezi zinhlobo zamaphrojekthi, wucwaningo olunenani elifanele ngqo lemboni, ngakho-ke bathola amakhono noqeqesho olusebenza ngqo ezindaweni zezimboni," esho.
I-Physics Yokudla Ngumnikazi welayisense okhethekile wezinhlelo zobuchwepheshe be-PEF eNyakatho Melika, e-Ireland nase-United Kingdom futhi usebenza ne-DIL, inkampani esekwe eJalimane kanye nomlingani wayo wezobuchwepheshe bokudla u-Elea. Lesi sibonelelo siyithuba lenkampani lokumaketha ubuchwepheshe kwimboni yamazambane ne-snack esebe yindinganiso yezimboni ngabakhiqizi baseFrance.
"Ukunethezeka lesi sibonelelo esisinikeza khona kungukujula enkampanini engakabi nawo amandla omlilo wezezimali okwamanje," kusho uJim Gratzek, umqondisi wezobuchwepheshe eFood Physics eBoise. "Izinkampani ezinkulu zinabantu abakwazi ukwenza lokhu futhi uma sikhuluma iqiniso banamalebhu, thina asinayo." Intuthuko eqhubekayo kwezobuchwepheshe kumasu okucubungula ukudla kuholele ekuqhubekeni kwezinyathelo zokusimama kanye nokwehliswa okuhambisanayo kwe-acrylamide, i-carcinogen etholakala ekudleni okuphekwe emazingeni aphezulu okushisa.
UMcDougal kanye nabafundi kanye nabasebenzi bakhe be-BSU bazobe behlinzeka ngeFood Physics ngemininingwane eqondene nomthelela iPEF eba nawo kumazambane. "Senza ukuhlaziywa koshukela okwehliswayo sisebenzisa inhlanganisela ye-chromatography ewuketshezi enokutholwa kwe-aerosol," kusho uMcDougal. "Senza ukuhlaziywa kwamahhala kwe-amino acid nge-chromatography yegesi kanye ne-mass spectrometry bese senza ukuhlaziywa kwe-acrylamide nge-chromatography ye-liquid kanye ne-spectrometry yesisindo esinezintathu noma ezine."
UGratzek uyaqapha lapho exoxa ngomthelela i-PEF ekunciphiseni inani le-acrylamide ekudleni okuthosiwe. Uveza i-PEF “njengenqubo uma isetshenziswa nezinye izinto” ingaholela emazingeni aphansi e-acrylamide. "Akukhona ukuthi i-PEF ilahla i-acrylamide, kepha ushintsho lwe-PEF luthi lesi simo sokungena emanzini sikwenze, futhi sishintsha namazinga okuthosa, okwenzayo impela, womabili azoholela kuma-acrylamide aphansi," esho.
"Ushukela, izinga lokushisa, isikhathi, izinga lomswakama - konke lokho kungukufaka kwemali oyitholayo i-acrylamide engaphezulu kwenqubo yokuthosa," engeza. Ukwehliswa kwezinto eziqinile ngohlobo lokunciphisa ushukela nama-amino acid kuvumela ama-processor wamazambane ukuthi angene esikhundleni noma anciphise inani lamanzi ashisayo blanching noma pre-heat in fry French and chip production. "Uma i-blanching isetshenziselwa ukuthamba yodwa, yona (i-PEF) ingaqeda inqubo ye-blanching," kusho uGratzek.
Enye inzuzo yokonga izindleko ukunciphisa ukugqokwa kwamabhande okusika asetshenziselwa inqubo yokwenza gazinga ne-chip. Ubuchwepheshe be-PEF buthisa izindonga zamaseli okwenza amazambane asikwe kalula. "Ukusika kushelela kakhulu, ngakho-ke uzoba nokuncane kakhulu lokho okubizwa ngokuthi indawo ethile," kusho uGratzek. "Ngakho-ke, lokho kungahlanganiswa neqiniso lokuthi amanzi aphuma kalula futhi ngamandla amancane kuholela ekunciphiseni ukumuncwa kukawoyela kufry French noma i-chip amazambane." UGratzek wengeze ukuthi leyo akuyona imali enkulu okwamanje, u-5-10%, kodwa unethemba lokuqhubeka nokufunda inqubo yokuthosa noMcDougal.
Ubuchwepheshe be-PEF buye baba yizinga lomkhakha phakathi kwabakhiqizi besiFulentshi eminyakeni engama-20 edlule futhi manje sebemukelwa ngokwandayo ngabakhiqizi bokudla kwe-chip ne-snack. Ngokusho kukaCarl Krueger, oyinhloko yezobunjiniyela kwiFood Physics eBoise, iYurophu ihola phambili kwezinguquko kwezobuchwepheshe, njengoba nje yenzile embonini yaseFrance.
"Eminyakeni embalwa edlule kube nokwanda kokusetshenziswa kwe-PEF kuma-potato chips eYurophu," kusho uKrueger. “Lokho bekubalulekile. Uhlobo olunjengalapho besikhona kuma-fries aseFrance. Sihamba kancane ukugibela lezo zingubo ngemuva kwabo, kodwa sinenqwaba yabakhiqizi bezingulube zamazambane esikhuluma nabo ababonisa intshisekelo eqinile ku-PEF. ”
UKrueger uthe intambo evamile yokukhathazeka phakathi kwabakhiqizi bokudla lapho becubungula ubuchwepheshe obusha yilokho okwaziwa embonini yezokudla njenge- “mouth feel, igama elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza leyo mfanelo ehlukile kumkhiqizo othile. Noma ngabe ifomula eyimfihlo noma usoso oyimfihlo, izinkampani zivikela ngokweqile ubunikazi bazo futhi zilondoloze ukwethembeka kwamakhasimende. Ayikho inkampani efuna ukuphindaphinda uhlobo lobudlelwano bomphakathi i-fiasco uCoca-Cola ebhekane nabo maphakathi nawo-1980 ngokwethulwa kwe- "New Coke."
“Empeleni sangena kulokho nekhasimende elikhulu elenza ukudla elalingafuni ukuthi umkhiqizo walo ushintshe ngoba sasishintsha ubuchwepheshe,” kusho uKrueger. UKrueger uthe bakwazile ukufakazela ngendlela esimeme ukuthi inqubo ye-PEF izokhiqiza ifry yaseFrance ehlale ikhiqizwa.
U-Gratzek ukholelwa ukuthi intuthuko kubuchwepheshe be-PEF izosiza ukwamukelwa kwayo embonini ye-chip and snack ngokuzayo, kodwa futhi uyabona ukuthi imboni yezokudla ayihlali ishesha ukwamukela izinto ezintsha. "Ukwamukelwa kwezobuchwepheshe embonini, ikakhulukazi imboni yokudla, kuhamba kancane," esho. "Kumele ixazulule inkinga enkulu, ilethe inani elikhulu ngokomkhiqizo omusha noma ngezinto ezintsha, noma kufanele yonge imali eningi."
U-Gratzek ucabanga ukuthi esinye sezizathu zokuthi ubuchwepheshe be-PEF bungamukelwa ngokushesha ngokuzayo kungenxa yokuthi bathuthukise ulwazi namasu wokusebenzisa agcinwa endlini ngabakhiqizi be-chip. "Ngicabanga ukuthi lolu xhaso lusisiza kakhulu ngoba luzosivumela ukuthi senze ucwaningo eBoise naseBoise State ukuze sikwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga ezinamakhasimende ngokucacile okukhulu," kusho uGratzek.
"Uma befuna uwoyela omncane, sizobasiza ngalokho, uma befuna ukugcina amafutha kodwa amanani aphansi, angcono okuthosa, sizokwazi ukubasiza ngalokho, ”engeza. "Ngamafuphi, ama-chip ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunama-fries ama-french, ngicabanga, mhlawumbe izinkinga ezikuma-chip zilukhuni ukuxazulula." UGratzek uthe cishe ama-20 we-processor ye-PEF athengiswe eYurophu ngezizathu eziningi.
"Ngisola ukuthi bazithenga ngezizathu ze-acrylamide, izizathu zokusebenza kahle nezizathu zekhwalithi yomkhiqizo," esho.