Iningi labantu liyavuma ukuthi impilo yomhlabathi iyinto esemqoka kwezempilo yezitshalo kanye nokusimama kwezolimo. Kodwa-ke asikayifaki ezingeni incazelo ecacile futhi elinganisekayo yezempilo yenhlabathi. Uzothola umqondo ongacacile ezingxoxweni eziningi. Sidinga incazelo eyanele yempilo yomhlabathi ngoba izosiza abalimi ukuthi bakhethe izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuphathwa kwezempilo zenhlabathi, okuyingxenye ebalulekile yokusimama kwepulazi.
Ukuqhuma Kuthola I-Rap Engalungile
Mayelana nokufuthwa kwenhlabathi, izindatshana eziningi ngalesi sihloko ziveze imibono nemibono yabaphenyi abambalwa bezemfundo abaxhaswa ngezimali zezinye izibonelelo. Lokhu kudala ukumelwa okungalinganiseli kokufuthwa kwenhlabathi kwanamuhla kwezempilo yomhlabathi, okusebenzela ukufiphaza ukuqonda kwesihloko ngabalimi nomphakathi wezolimo wonkana. Abalimi badinga izincazelo ezicacile zempilo yomhlabathi njengoba kumayelana neqiniso lamapulazi abo.
Kunomthamo omkhulu wocwaningo lwesayensi olushicilelwe olukhombisa ukuthi izinhlayiya zenhlabathi ezifana ne-chloropicrin azilimazi impilo yenhlabathi, futhi empeleni ziyayithuthukisa. Kepha isizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi abalimi basebenzise ama-fumigants omhlabathi yingoba bayasebenza.
Ama-fumigants omhlabathi anqatshelwe ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezikhethekile ngenxa yokungaguquguquki kwazo nokunyakaza kwazo ezimbotsheni zenhlabathi. Ama-fumigants omhlabathi asebenza ngoba sithola umphumela wawo ngaphakathi kwezinsuku namasonto emva kokufakwa ngaphansi kwenhlabathi (ekujuleni kwamasentimitha ayi-8 noma ngaphezulu) kunciphisa kakhulu izehlakalo zezilokazane nezifo zezitshalo ezihlala enhlabathini.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-microorganisms omhlabathi (amabhaktheriya nesikhunta), angabangeli izifo ezitshalweni, asebenzise imithombo yokudla esanda kutholakala eyenziwe ngukufuthwa kwenhlabathi futhi ngokushesha abuse inani labantu abasemhlabeni.
I-mantra yabanye ukuthi izifutho zenhlabathi zimbi. Lapho kukhulunywa ngama-fumigants enhlabathi endatshaneni enezinhlobo ze-fumigant-alternatives, izinhlayiya zenhlabathi zivame ukuchazwa njengezinciphisa i-microbiology yenhlabathi, zinciphisa ukwehluka kwama-microorganisms, futhi okubi nakakhulu, ukudala ukuthembela ekusetshenzisweni kwazo okuqhubekayo.
Noma kunjalo, isayensi isho okuhlukile. Kunokuhlangenwe nakho okukhulu embonini kanye nezincwadi zesayensi eziningi ezihambisana nalokho ezisukela kowe-1936 kuya ku-2020 okukhombisa ukuthi ezinye izifutho zenhlabathi zingaba yingxenye yohlelo lokusimama lwesikhathi eside oluzuzisa impilo yomhlaba.
Akuzona Zonke Izikhukhula Ezilinganayo
Vele, i-fumigant yenhlabathi ngayinye ithinta i-biology yenhlabathi ngokuhlukile futhi ngenxa yalokho kufanele ihlolwe ngawodwana. Asikwazi ukufaka konke kubhasikidi ofanayo.
Ngokubambisana, le nhlangano yezincwadi zesayensi yembula ukuthi imiphakathi yezinambuzane zomhlabathi iyinkimbinkimbi, iyaqina, inamandla, iyashesha ukufaka amakholoni, futhi ixhaphaze imithombo yokudla esanda kutholakala eyenziwe ngukufuthwa kwenhlabathi.
Isibonelo, ukufuthwa nge-chloropicrin kubikwa ukuthi kukhulisa inani labantu le-fungus I-Trichoderma spp., okwaziwa ngokuthuthukisa impilo yomhlabathi nezitshalo. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha okuqondile kwe-fumigant kuzothinta hhayi kuphela izinambuzane zenhlabathi, kungaphinde kuqhube ukwanda kwezinto eziphilayo ezizuzisayo empilweni yomhlabathi nokukhula kwezitshalo. Lesi yisibonelo esicacile esingasisekeli indaba yokuthi izikhukhula zenhlabathi zihlanza inhlabathi.
Ucwaningo olusanda kushicilelwa lusebenzisa amasu anamandla, njengokulandelana okuphezulu kwe-DNA ephezulu, luveze ukuthi i-microbial biomass kanye nokwehlukahluka emhlabathini kuyakha futhi kuzinze ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kuya emasontweni kulandela ukusetshenziswa kwe-fumigants efana ne-chloropicrin ne-1,3-dichlorpropene (1,3 , XNUMX-D). Lezi zindlela zokuhlaziya zihlinzeka ngokuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe nangokuphathelene nezinhlobo zezinambuzane zenhlabathi ezisenhlabathini epulazini.
Njengomthetho ojwayelekile, amagciwane enhlabathi abangela izifo zezitshalo ancike, ngohlobo lwawo, esitshalweni esibungazile. Futhi zilulama kancane uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto eziphilayo eziphila mahhala, ezimele iningi le-microbiome yenhlabathi.
Isidingo Sokuchaza Impilo Yomhlabathi?
Imibono eyiphutha eyisisekelo ezungeze imiphumela yezicubu zenhlabathi empilweni yomhlabathi ivela, ngokwengxenye, ngokungabi bikho kwencazelo eyamukelwa umhlaba wonke. Incazelo yempilo yomhlabathi idinga ukuhambisana nezinhloso zabalimi maqondana nokuphathwa kwenhlabathi, nokutshala izitshalo ezinempilo nezinenzuzo ohlelweni lokukhiqiza olungapheli nolusimeme. Cabanga ngale ncazelo ehlongozwayo yezempilo yenhlabathi:
Isimo sezimo zenhlabathi esibonakala nge
- Ukuncipha kwabantu bezinambuzane zenhlabathi
- Ukwanda kwamagciwane kuyasiza empilweni yezitshalo
- Izimpawu zamakhemikhali zenhlabathi ezilinganayo nezomzimba ezisekela izidingo ezithile zesitshalo esitshaliwe.
Singalinganisa ngayinye yalezi zingxenye ezintathu zenhlabathi, ngakho-ke, qhathanisa inhlabathi ehlukene noma izindlela zokwelapha.
Uma sifuna ukuqhathanisa inhlabathi engenantuthu noma ngobubanzi, noma iphathwe i-v. Inhlabathi engalashwa, noma i-fumigant enye kwenye, singabeka imingcele yemingcele yempilo yomhlabathi esiyilinganisayo sisebenzisa le ncazelo njengohlaka. Incazelo elinganisekayo, ecacisiwe yezempilo yomhlabathi izosivumela ukuthi sihumushe kahle imibhalo yesayensi efanele lesi sihloko futhi sichaze nokubaluleka kocwaningo lwamanje.
Okokugcina, incazelo yezempilo yomhlaba isiza izingxoxo zethu nomkhakha wezolimo omkhulu, kufaka phakathi izinhlaka ezilawulayo kanye nabalimi abafuna ukuqonda imithelela onayo inhlabathi yabo.
Kuyini Ukubaluleka Okusebenzayo kwalokhu KuMtshali?
Okokuqala, Ibeka ukugxila ezingxoxweni zezempilo zenhlabathi kanye nocwaningo oluhambisanayo kulokho okubaluleke kakhulu; ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwezitshalo okubangelwa izinambuzane nezifo ngaphandle kokuncipha noma kusongele ukusimama kwezolimo. Izinhloso zocwaningo lwezempilo lomhlabathi zizogxila ekuboniseni ukuncipha kokulahleka kwezitshalo, isivuno esikhuphukile, kanye nokufeza iphrofayli yenhlabathi enamandla, ehlukahlukene, futhi esekela impilo yezitshalo iyonke.
Okwesibili, imboni yezolimo, abacwaningi baseyunivesithi nabazimele, abeluleki, kanye nabalimi esibasebenzelayo bangabambisana ngempumelelo ekutholeni nasekuboniseni izici ezithile ze-microbiome yenhlabathi esekela impilo yezomhlaba. Kulo mzamo, singasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe besimanje futhi obunamandla njengamathuluzi wokuhlonza izakhi zofuzo ukuhlola amaphrofayili womphakathi we-microbiological womphakathi ayengabonakali ngaphambili akhomba ukuthi yiziphi izinto eziphilayo ezikhona ngaphansi kwemibuso ehlukene yokwelashwa kwenhlabathi, futhi sifinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi yimaphi amasu okwelapha aholela emiphumeleni emihle yomibili impilo yomhlaba nokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo.
Ukunweba ingxoxo ngempilo yenhlabathi nokugxila ocwaningweni ngezici ezibalulekile zomhlaba wezempilo kuzohlinzeka umphakathi wezolimo ngolwazi oluphelele ngokwengeziwe ngempilo yomhlabathi kanye nezinketho ezengeziwe zokuqina kwepulazi.
Ukufunda Okunconyiwe
Uma ungathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe ngomthelela we-fumigation empilweni yomhlabathi, zinike isikhathi sokufunda lezi zihloko ngesihloko:
- Ukwehliswa Komhlabathi eFlorida Utamatisi Production. UDkt.Nathan Boyd, University of Florida
- Ucwaningo Lwezempilo Lomhlabathi Wamazambane luyaqhubeka, UDkt. Kenneth Frost, University of Washington
- Ungayibona Kanjani Iphazili Yezifo Ezitshalwayo, UDkt Tim Smith, eWashington State University
- Ukuqhuma Komhlabathi Wezithelo, UDkt Tim Smith, eWashington State University
- Thuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane okusimeme nge-Strike, UDkt. Chad Hutchinson, iqembu le-TriCal