Kuthatha amahora amahlanu ukushayela uye entshonalanga ye-Uganda uya IKachwekano Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (KaZARDI), lapho kukhiqizwa khona amazambane e-GM Irish. Izivakashi zamukelwa izitshalo ezibukeka ziphilile, okuyisisekelo sesivivinyo sezwe samazambane esiqhubekayo ezweni.
Iqembu labalimi abenza ukulima amazambane nokukhiqiza imbewu beze ukuvakasha kulesi sikhungo. Umqondisi weKaZARDI u-Alex Barekye uchazele abalimi ukuthi lezi zitshalo zisacwaningwa futhi kungenzeka zikhishwe ngonyaka ozayo, kodwa kuphela uma uhulumeni ezinikeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza. Abanye babalimi ababevakashile bamphazamisa, kwesinye isikhathi befuna ukutholakala ngokushesha kwembewu yamazambane enziwe ngofuzo. UCharles Byarugaba, umlimi wamazambane ohweba futhi ongumholi wabantu abadumile bokwandisa imbewu yamazambane eKabale, e-Uganda, waphonsela inselelo ososayensi.
"Sifuna imbewu yamazambane i-GMO khona manjalo," esho. "Ungaqhubeka nokulandela lezo zinqubo zomthetho kodwa akumele kuthinte thina balimi ngoba sidinga izinhlobo ezingamelana namazambane." Abalimi akanye nabo bathe uma benganikezwa imbewu emelana nalokhu, ngeke kube khona okunye abangakwenza ngaphandle kokuyithola ngokungemthetho. Ngeshwa, ezombusazwe zokulima e-Uganda, ikakhulukazi uma kukhulunywa nge-biotechnology esezingeni eliphakeme, zikuphikisile ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuphambili. Abalimi bezwe babhekene nezinselelo ezinkulu.
"Izitshalo zethu zibhekene nokuqothulwa futhi azikho izindlela ezaziwayo zokubhekana nezinambuzane nezifo ezintsha ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwe-biotechnology," kusho uDkt Wilberforce Tushemeirwe, usosayensi odumile, wathi. Izitshalo zokudla ezifana nomdumbula, ubhanana namazambane zibhekana nokuqothulwa ngenxa yezifo zezilimo ezingalapheki. Ummbila uhlaselwa yisibungu se-fall army worm. Ukotini oyisitshalo semali kukhombise ukuthi kunzima ukutshala e-Uganda ngenxa yokutheleleka kwezinambuzane zikakotini, obubuchwepheshe beGM buqukethe kwamanye amazwe amaningi.
The Ukulawulwa Kwezobunjiniyela umthetho, obekade ubizwa ngokuthi yi-National Biotechnology and Biosafety bill sekusondele kabili ukuthi usayinwe ube ngumthetho. Kungavumela ukukhiqizwa okulawulwayo nokusetshenziswa kwezitshalo eziguqulwe izakhi zofuzo ezweni, futhi kuvule indlela yezisombululo ze-biotech ezisetshenziswa kwamanye amazwe amaningi, kubandakanya nakwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika. Kodwa-ke, amaqembu e-anti GM abelokhu esebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho we-GERA awuphasiswa. USomlomo wePhalamende uRebbeca Kadaga usekele lo mthetho futhi usezame amahlandla amabili ukwenza isibalo samalungu ePhalamende kodwa kuze kube manje akukho zinyathelo ezithathiwe.
Amazambane ase-Irish isitshalo sokudla nesokuhweba e-Uganda
Isivuno sakamuva esivinjezelwe amazambane ase-Ireland, isivuno sokuvikeleka kokudla futhi sitshalwa ezindaweni eziphakeme eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Uganda eKabale naseKisoro. Emiphakathini ekule ngxenye yezwe, kubhekwa njengokudla okuyisisekelo kanye nomthombo oyinhloko wemali engenayo.
Izwe lithembele ekuhlinzekweni kwamazambane kubalimi baseningizimu-ntshonalanga, abafaka u-60% wokuphakelwa, nalabo abasezintabeni eziseMpumalanga ze-Uganda, abafaka amanye ama-40%. Ngenxa yokwanda kwesidingo esivela ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, umkhiqizo uye wakhula futhi usakazekela nakwezinye izindawo zase-Uganda.
Inani lezomnotho lamazambane
Njengamanje, kukhiqizwa amathani amazambane angama-300,000 unyaka ngamunye e-Uganda, lapho abalimi bathola khona amanani entengo aphakathi kuka-33-50 cents ngekhilogremu noma i-USD $ 1,500 -2,000 ngehektha ngalinye, kuya ngesizini.
Amazambane ase-Ireland akhula ngokuthandwa, ngamandla amakhulu okuthola imali nokwenza ngcono ukudla okunomsoco. Uhulumeni wase-Uganda usimemezele njengesivuno esikhulu ezweni. Abalimi batshala amazambane cishe kumamitha ayi-1,800 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle ezindaweni ezisemngceleni weRwanda neCongo, kanye nengxenye esempumalanga yezwe elizungeze iMt. U-Elgon. Abalimi njengamanje balinganisela amathani ayisikhombisa we-metric ehektheleni ngalinye, kepha ngezinhlobo ezithuthukisiwe nemikhuba emihle yokulima, bangakhiqiza amathani angama-40 metric ehektheleni ngalinye.
“Ngokombono wami, ngibona amazambane eshintsha izimpilo zabalimi base-Uganda abagxile ekukhuliseni lesi sitshalo futhi ngenzuzo etholakele, abalimi bangakwazi ukwakha amakhaya amasha. Basebenzisa amazambane njengesitshalo sokuvikela ukudla emindenini yabo. Kuzwelonke, amazambane adlale indima enkulu ekondleni abantu abakhulayo emadolobheni. Imakethe nayo iyakhula, ”kuphawula uBarekye.
Ukuzalela okuvamile kuguqukela ku-GM
U-Abel Arinatwe, umfuyi wamazambane eKaZARDI, uthe ososayensi bezolimo ezweni baqala ukufuya izinhlobo zasendaweni ngeminyaka yama-1970. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zifaka phakathi iRutuku neVictoria, futhi zamukelwe kabanzi.
Yize ngo-1997 ososayensi e Inhlangano Kazwelonke Yezocwaningo Lwezolimo yafuya futhi yakhipha uhlobo oluthuthukisiwe lwaseVictoria olwalumelana nezilokazane, ekuqaleni kuka-2004 abalimi baqala ukubhekana nezinselelo ezinkulu zokubhujiswa amazambane sekudlule isikhathi kuyo yonke imikhakha ezweni. Izinhlobo ezithuthukisiwe ze-hybrid zazalulwa futhi zakhishwa ngo-2016; INaropot 1-4 enesivuno samathani angama-20 ehektheleni ngalinye neKachpot 1 no-2, ekhipha amathani ayi-7-8 ehektheleni ngalinye. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo futhi selokhu zahlulwa ukulimala sekwephuzile. Ososayensi balinganisele ukuthi i-Uganda ilahlekelwa yi-US $ 500 billion minyaka yonke ngenxa yokulimala sekwephuzile.
Ukuzalela GM umsebenzi uqale ngo-2012 ngokubambisana ne Amazambane Omhlaba Isikhungo (CIP) eLima, ePeru. Ngaphezu kocwaningo oluyishumi olwenziwe kusukela lapho ukufakazela ukuthi izakhi zofuzo empeleni zinikeza ukumelana okuphelele nokulimala sekwephuzile. Ngokusho kuka-Arinaitwe, iKaZARDI ibisungula uhlobo olusha lohlobo lweVictoria ngokungeza izakhi zofuzo ezintathu zokumelana (10R) ezitholwe ezinhlotsheni zamazambane asendle ezitholwe ku-CIP:
Inqubo ebesiyisebenzisa ukuthuthukisa amazambane akhiqizwe ngezakhi zofuzo ingubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo lapho kutholakala khona izakhi zofuzo ezintathu ezivela ezinhlobonhlobo zasendle iSolanum venturi kanye neSolanum balbocastanum ezaziwa ngokuletha ukumelana, zadalwa zadluliselwa ezinhlobonhlobo zasendaweni iVictoria kusetshenziswa ama-agrobacterium protocols mediated protocols in laboratory. Lokhu kwalandelwa izivivinyo ezinzima ebhodini, ezindlini eziluhlaza nasensimini ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isakhi sofuzo esidlulisiwe sikwazi ukuvikela.
Izitshalo zaseVictoria zashiywa ukuba zikhule amasonto ayisishiyagalolunye kanti lezo ezinezakhi zofuzo ze-3R zakhombisa ukumelana no-100% kokulimaza sekwedlule isikhathi kanti lezo ezingenazo zacinywa. Lapho sekuphele isikhathi sabo sokukhula emasontweni ayi-18, izilimo eziyizigaxa ezivuniwe zaziphilile ngokuphelele. Ngokungafani nezinhlobonhlobo ezivamile ezinamandla kakhulu okuthola isivuno esingamathani angama-20 ehektheleni ngalinye, uhlobo lwe-GMO luveza kuze kufike kumathani angama-35 - 40 ehektheleni, kuya ngezindlela zokulima. Njengoba ukubambezeleka kokuphasiswa komthetho we-GERA wase-Uganda kuthinta lapho kungakhishwa khona amazambane amasha e-GM, i-US Agency for International Development (USAID), kuphrojekthi yayo "yokondla ikusasa", njengamanje isebenzisana ne-NARO ukubandakanya izinkampani ezizimele ukuthuthukisa lo mkhiqizo .
USimon Byabagambi, uchwepheshe wezokuphathwa kwezinhlelo e-USAID eKampala, uthe “Asikho isithiyo okufanele simise ubuchwepheshe obuzokwamukelwa ezweni elinjenge-Uganda. Ithimba lami libandakanya izinkampani ezizimele ezisebenza ekudleni okucutshunguliwe ukuqala ukucubungula nokupakisha imikhiqizo yamazambane e-GMO. Lokhu kungaba ngohlobo lwama-crisps nofulawa ohlanganisiwe wokubhaka nokwenza iphalishi lezingane ezincelisayo. Izitolo ezinkulu zigcwele ukudla okucutshunguliwe okwenziwe ngama-GMO okungenisiwe okuthengwa ngabantu futhi kudliwe, kungani kungagcini imikhiqizo yethu. ” Uphikisana nokuthi abalimi abambalwa abakhethiwe bangabambisana nososayensi ukutshala amazambane e-GM anganikezwa abacubungula ukudla.
Yini okuhanjiswa ngamazambane e-GMO
UBarekye uqaphele ukuthi ukumelana nobubi obufanayo obethula indlala yamazambane e-Ireland kungavimbela indlala efanayo evela e-Afrika:
Ukumelana nokulimala okwenzeka sekwedlule isikhathi ensimini kuphawula ingqophamlando ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane e-biotech kubalimi base-Afrika okuzonciphisa ukulahleka nezindleko zokukhiqiza kakhulu. Isifo seLight blight siyaziwa ngomthelela waso omubi emapulazini amazambane emhlabeni jikelele. Ngawo-1840 kwabangela indlala yase-Ireland eyaholela ekufeni kwabantu abayizigidi eziyi-1.5 e-Ireland futhi cishe nokufa kwabantu abaningi ezwenikazi laseYurophu. Kusukela lapho, lesi sifo sibhekene nokulahleka kokukhiqiza kanye nezindleko eziphakeme zemithi yokubulala isikhunta esetshenziswa abalimi cishe yonke indawo lapho kutshalwa khona lesi sitshalo okubiza kakhulu kubalimi base-Afrika.
Imbewu ye-GM isithathe ngokuphuthuma okukhulu njengoba ukukhathazeka ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuye kwanda. UBarekye uqaphele izindlela eziningi kakhulu ososayensi base-Afrika ababone ngazo ukuthi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kunomthelela omkhulu ekukhiqizeni amazambane ase-Ireland:
- Ezifundeni ezisenyakatho nasenkabeni yezwe lasePlateau laseNigeria, ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane e-Ireland kumile ngenxa yemiphumela yesomiso, izikhukhula nezimvula ezingekho ngesikhathi sonyaka.
- ENingizimu Afrika, isomiso nezimo ezishisayo kunciphise isivuno samazambane ase-Ireland kuzo zonke izifunda ezikhiqizayo ezweni.
- Abaphenyi babikezela ukuthi inani le-aphid kwezinye izindawo zokulima ezweni lizokwanda ngo-2050.
- ENjoro, eKenya, abacwaningi bathole ukuthi ukunyuka kwamazinga okushisa kwandisa ukwanda kwezinambuzane emazambane ase-Ireland.
- Endaweni yaseMekelle esenyakatho ne-Ethiopia, izipelingi ezomile isikhathi eside nezimvula zangemva kwesikhathi kuholele ekwehliseni isivuno samazambane ase-Ireland.
Ososayensi bebelokhu beqoqa izinhlobo zasendle zamazambane ase-Ireland, okhiqize izinhlobo ezingama-39 ezivela ezizweni eziyisithupha: iPeru, iBrazil, i-Ecuador, iGuatemala, iCosta Rica neChile. Leli qoqo lizosiza ukuzala izinhlobo ezintsha ezwenikazi kanye nakwezinye izindawo. Ubuchwepheshe bokuzalisa amazambane base-Uganda manje sebuyamukelwa lapho kuvunyelwe khona - eKenya, e-Ethiopia, eGibhithe naseNingizimu Afrika.
Ngenkathi izinhlobo zezinhlobo zasendle zibalulekile ekukhetheni izinhlobo ezingamelana nesimo sezulu samanje nezimo zemvelo e-Uganda, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kungaletha ezinye izici eziningi kumazambane, ngesikhathi sokuba abalimi bathole inzuzo yabo. Imigoqo yokwethula lembewu elwa nezifo ayisekho kwezobuchwepheshe; zingokwepolitiki ngokuphelele.